Caucasus dị na Eurasia, ma kpuchie nnukwu mpaghara. Nke a bụ ugwu ugwu nwere ókèala eke nwere akpọ:
- N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, a na-asacha ya n'akụkụ mmiri Azov na Black Teas.
- N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, mpaghara mpaghara nwere nnukwu ọdọ mmiri a na-enweghị mmiri - Oké Osimiri Caspian.
- Ókè ugwu bụ Kumo-manych depression, nke gbatịrị site na Osimiri Caspian ruo Kerch Strait na Azov.
- N'ebe ndịda, Caucasus nwere ókè ala ya na Armenia, Georgia na Azerbaijan. Usoro nkewa na-agabiga ugwu ugwu ugwu Armenian na Oke Araks.
N'etiti akụkụ Caucasus, Main ma ọ bụ nkewa Range na Lateral Ridge kwụpụrụ. N'akụkụ a nke mpaghara enwere ugwu kachasị elu - ama ama ama "puku ise". Ha dịgasị iche na oke elu ugwu, oke mkpọda na mkpọda mkpọda okwute.
Fig. 1. Oke nkpa.
Caucasus nwere ugwu kachasị elu ọ bụghị naanị na Russia kamakwa na Europe - Ugwu Elbrus (5642 m). Mgbawa ugwu a bụ otu n’ime ugwu asaa kachasị elu n’ụwa. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ dọtala ndị na-eme egwuregwu, ndị na-eme njem ịrị elu, ndị njem nleta na naanị onye ọ bụla chọrọ ịnụ ụtọ ugwu ndị a na-agaghị echefu echefu.
Njirimara ihu igwe
Caucasus dị na ókèala mpaghara ala abụọ: ọnọdụ dị jụụ na nke dị ala. Udiri nke ugwu di elu na-enwe nnukwu mmetụta na ofdị ihu igwe na mpaghara a. Ugwu puku kwuru puku na puku ise nwere ike ịdabere na ndagide ndịda site na ifufe siri ike, ugwu ndị dị na mgbago ugwu na-ebute oke ikuku nke oke oyi. N'ihi nke a, oke ikuku nwere ike ịdabere na mpaghara Russia nke Caucasus n'otu oge, ebe ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na udu mmiri na-achị na Caucasus.
Akwụkwọ okwu altitudinal, nke a na-akpọkarị n'ugwu ndị dị elu dị otú a, kwesịrị ka a lebara ya anya n'ụzọ pụrụ iche:
- Ahịhịa na-ama jijiji nke ọma na-eto na ndagwurugwu
- n’elu, oke ọhịa jupụtara ebe nile ma na-agbakọta.
- Uzo ugwu di na elu, a na eji dochie ahihia dochie oke ohia.
- mpaghara mosses na lichens sochiri
- a na-ekpuchi elu ugwu Caucasus n'onwe ha na ice na snow n'oge afọ niile.
Fig. 2. Alpine ahịhịa nke Caucasus.
Ọdịdị nke Caucasus
N'ihi ọnọdụ ala ya na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke enyemaka, Caucasus nwere ọdịdị pụrụ iche. N'ebe a, n'akụkụ nke ọzọ, enwere oke ọhịa nwere oke ọzara na oke ọhịa jupụtara, na ala ahịhịa juru na ala mmiri ndị dị larịị.
A na-eji ugwu dị jụụ mara ugwu, na mpaghara kwụ ọtọ n'ugwu ndị a bụ nnukwu mgbanwe na mpaghara eke. Snow na-ekpuchi mkpọda ugwu nke ugwu Caucasus ugbua na elu 2800 m.
Falọ oriri maka Caucasus dị ezigbo mkpa maka nchebe mmadụ. Ọtụtụ ndị nnọchianya mpaghara sauna dị nso na mkpochapu, na ụfọdụ anụmanụ - tiger, moose, bison - kpamkpam ekpochapụla.
Ndị otu Caucasus
Mpaghara a bụ ngwakọta agbụrụ nke agbụrụ dịgasị iche iche, nke ihe karịrị iri ise na-aga. Ndị bi na North Caucasus bụ ndị gbara ọkpụrụkpụ. Laks, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Chechens, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ebikọwo na mpaghara pere mpe ọtụtụ afọ. Ọ dị mma ịmara na onye ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere ike ịhapụ ọdịiche dị iche na ọ bụghị 'igbasa' na ndị nkịtị Caucasian ndị nkịtị.
Fig. 3. Ndi mmadu Caucasus.
Azerbaijanis, Armenians na Georgians bi na Transcaucasia. Agbanyeghị, ihe mejupụtara na steeti ndị a adịghị iche na njikọta agbụrụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Ossetians, Abkhazians, Kurds, Juu Mountain, na ndị Tatian bi ebe a.
Okpukpe kachasị ukwuu nke ndị bi na Caucasus bụ Islam, nke ngalaba Sunni na Shiite nọchiri anya ya. Ebe nke abụọ bụ nke Ọtọdọks nke Ọtọdọks, nke ndị Georgians, ndị Armenia, na Ossetians na-ekwu.
Enyemaka
Naanị nnwere onwe ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dịka ihe kpatara kewaa mpaghara achọrọ n'ime mpaghara 8 na nyocha a. A ga-akọwa ọdịdị nke Caucasus dabere na mpaghara a. Ọbụnadị na elu Proterozoic, ụgbọelu dị na ebe a kapịrị ọnụ gafere na ogbo nke mgbanwe ala na-agafe na ibe. N'ihi usoro nke ịdị elu, ala dị larịị na ndagwurugwu, nke a ga-atụle, usoro abụọ buru ibu - usoro Scythian na 3 Ugwu dị nso na Eshia - ghọrọ ókèala (n'etiti ha bụ Nnukwu Caucasus nke nwere ọnụ ọnụ abụọ, nke a na-ekesara ugwu ahụ ụzọ abụọ. Ala dị n’ime ala transcaucasian ka bụ nke a kapịrị n’usoro ahụ akọwapụtara. Armenian (ya na Caucasus nke Nta). N'agbata usoro ejikọtara ọnụ nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ Colchis Lowland (ókèala Oke na nke Obere Caucasus, akụkụ nke Riono-Kurinsky depress). Ma ọ bụghị ịkpụ obe. Nke ahụ bụ, na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, '' furrow '' ahụ gafere ọkara nke erughị ala nke mmụọ dara ụda. Ọ ka ga-egosi na akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke ala ala bụ saịtị na-agafe larịị oke osimiri. Nke a bụ mkpọda Azov-Kuban (nke a na-egosipụta ebe dị elu site na 100 ruo 0 mita). Ọwa mmiri na ala ndị mmadụ na-agbanwekarị maka akụkọ mmiri ya. Agbanyeghị, enwere ala dị omimi nke edepụtara n'isiokwu ahụ. Anyị na-ekwu banyere otu Dagestan nke Casquian trough. Naturedị Caucasus gbanwere ihu ya site na ugwu-ọdịda anyanwụ ruo na ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ kilomita 1,160, mana site na north ruo ndịda mpaghara ahụ mara mma na-agbatị karịa 600km.
Oke ihu
Ọnọdụ ala ebe North Caucasus nyere aka guzobe ebe nchekwa pụrụ iche na ihu igwe dị nro. Enwere ọtụtụ osimiri na mpaghara a: ugwu na ala dị larịị, nke miri emi na nke na-emighị emi, ọgba aghara na nke dị jụụ. Ala a ma ama maka ala na-eme nri, ebe mkpụrụ osisi na ahịhịa, mkpụrụ osisi citrus, ubi vaịn, osikapa na ahịhịa tii, yana ifuru a na-apụghị ịgụta ọnụ, na-eto nke ọma.
Mana akụkụ kachasị nke odida obodo ahụ, bụ ugwu ugwu nke North Caucasus nke nwere ihe dịka kilomita 1,100. Ebe kachasị elu nke Caucasus: Ugwu Elbrus - mita 5642 dị elu na Kazbek - 5032 mita.
Achọpụtara ọtụtụ isi iyi ndị nwere akụ na ụba na ala a na-eme amara; ebe ndị a emepere ebe a na-ewu ewu na otuto n'obodo niile dị na North Caucasus: Kislovodsk, Mineralnye Vody, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk. Ọgwụ na-agwọ ọrịa nke ebe ntụrụndụ dịgasị iche site na nzipụta nke ịnweta yana ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, mana bara ezigbo uru. N'ihi mpaghara ala North Caucasus, ihe nchekwa ụwa dị ebe a, ebe edobere flora na fauna dị ụkọ.
Site na mpaghara ala, North Caucasus bụ njikọ dị larịị na ugwu, mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na steepụ kpọrọ nkụ. Derbent, Arkhyz, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki - aha obodo ndị a nke North Caucasus amaraworị ndị njem nleta na-ekele mpaghara maka ụdị ọmarịcha ya na ile ọbịa nke ndị bi. Na mgbakwunye, mpaghara a nwere ụzọ dị nso n'oké osimiri atọ: Black, Azov na Caspian. A na-anọchi anya akụ na ụba nke mpaghara a site na nnukwu nkwanye mmanụ na gas, ikike nwere oke ala, ihe ndị nwere mmanụ, ụdị uranium, ụdị osisi bara uru, azụ na azụ.
Ngwakọta agbụrụ
North Caucasus dị iche iche n'ụdị agbụrụ ya. Ọtụtụ mba dị iche iche bi ebe a.
Ndị isi nke North Caucasus:
Ọ bụrụ na ị banye ụgbọ oloko na Caucasus, ị nwere ike ịgwa ndị nnọchianya nke mba dị iche iche okwu, n'ihi na ndị nwere omume enyi na ndị nwere mmụọ obi bi ebe a.
Ndi Republic a tinyere aka na agbụrụ North Caucasus:
- Adygea
- Dagestan
- Ingushetia
- Kabardino-Balkaria,
- Karachay-Cherkessia,
- North Ossetia,
- Chechnya
N'ala ya, e nwere ndị mmadụ iri anọ na abụọ na-asụ ihe karịrị otu narị olumba. Ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 9.7 bi na Republic of North Caucasus.
Iversitydị iche iche nke mba dị iche iche
Abkhazians bụ mba ndị ọdịda anyanwụ nke mpaghara a. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ekwupụta Kraịst, mana kemgbe narị afọ nke 15, n'ihi mgbasawanye nke ókèala ahụ, ndị Alakụba pụtara. Kemgbe oge ochie, ọrụ ha bụ arụpụta kapet, ihe mkpuchi, akwa.
Ndị mepere emepe bụ ndị mbụ bi na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ugwu ala Caucasus nke ugwu, yana ala ala nke osimiri Terek na Sunzha, bụ ebe obibi ha. Nke a bụ ebe obibi Karachay-Cherkessia nke oge a.
Ndị Kabardini na ndị Balkars kere ala ahụ; ha niile bụ ndị ndị Circas, bụ ndị ama ama kemgbe ogologo oge maka ọla na ịcha ojii.
Ndị Svans - agbụrụ ndị Georgians nke ugwu, nwere asụsụ ha na omenala ya. Ebe obibi ha bụ akụkụ ugwu nke Georgia na elu 2500 mita.
Ossetians - otu n'ime ndị gboo gboo na North Caucasus, sitere na ndị Iran. Alaeze mgbe ochie nke Ossetians Alania - Iso Christianityzọ Kraịst n'ụdị mbụ ya ejirila narị afọ.
Ingush na Chechens ndị mmadụ nso. Ha na-ekwupụta Islam, belụsọ maka Chechens si Georgia.
Lezgins Bi na mpaghara mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ, Lezgins, dịka ụmụ nke agbụrụ ndị kacha ochie na Southern Dagestan, nwere nnukwu ọdịbendị ọdịnala.
Isi ihe dị na ndụ obodo ndị a niile bụ mpaghara ala North Caucasus. Dabere na ala Ottoman, Alaeze Ukwu Russia na Byzantium, ekenyela ha maka agha oge gara aga, ụdị nke gosipụtara na njem ndị Caucasians.
Azov-Kuban larịị
Ala ndị Kuban na-egosilarị ala ala ahụ sara mbara. Kuban n’onwe ya site n’isi gaa n’ọnụ nwere otu ụzọ dị kilomita 870. N'ime ụzọ mmiri nke na-enye nri, ọ na-asọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na mpaghara Krasnodar a bụ Old Kuban, Kirpili, Sosyka, mgbada Ei, Beisug na Chelbas, na osimiri ndịda nke ọnụ Don. Otutu igwe mmiri edepụtara n’elu a kụrụ mmiri. Mpaghara a nwekwara bays - Yeisk, Taganrog, Taman. A na-arụ ọrụ ọdọ mmiri site na estuaries - Vityazevsky, Kyzyltashsky, Kurchansky, Akhtanizovsky (n'elu mmiri nke ikpeazụ na August-mmalite Septemba, ị ga-enwe mmasị na lotiri).
Elbrus
Ugwu kacha elu n’ugwu North Caucasus. Elbrus bụ cone nke ọkụ na-enwu ọkụ, nke dị ugbu a n'ọnọdụ izu ike. Dị ka akụkọ ifo si dị, ọ bụ na ya ka a na-ekebe titanium Prometheus na nnukwu okwute maka ịnwe inye ndị mmadụ oku. N'ime nnukwu ice nke Elbrus, mmalite nke osimiri ndị sitere na mmiri malitere, nke, jikọtara ọnụ, na-asọba na Kuban - nnukwu osimiri dị na North Caucasus. N'ime mmụọ nke ugwu a, ọtụtụ mmadụ ka na-esi esi esi, bụ ihe ndị na-enye okpomọkụ jupụtara na mineral na carbon dioxide. Oge okpomọkụ ha ruru + 52 na + 60 0 С.
Ciscaucasia
Ọdịmma nke North Caucasus debere etiti ma ọ bụ obere nke ọtụtụ osimiri n'akụkụ a. Otu Kuban, Eya, Beisug na Chelbas na-asọfe ebe a. N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ha na-eburu mmiri ha Belaya, Laba, Terek (ya na ọtụtụ ụzọ na aka uwe) yana Kuma (ihe zoro ezo sitere na ugwu dị iche iche). Ọtụtụ ejikọtara. Osimiri na-asọ asọ na-asọba n'ọhịa, ubi na ubi nke Ciscaucasia: Baksan, Bolshoi na Maly Zelenchuk, Urup, Teberda, Malka na Podkumok. Ala a kpọrọ aha enweghị nnukwu ọdọ mmiri. Mana n’obi ya jupụtara na mmiri - Krasnodar, Kuban, Shapsug, Kryukov, Varnavinsky. Ha na - enyere aka ịgba mmiri na mpaghara “granaries” nke Russian Federation. N'ebe ugwu nke iyi bụ Waterch na ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri-Gudilo, nke na-akpọ nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ.
Western caucasus
Egosiputa nke ato nke “ugwu” nke Caucasus nke ukwuu, bu nke ufodu, gabigara akuku ya na ndida, bu iru ala kachasi elu. Igwe ojii ndị dị ala anaghị agafe oke mmiri, ọtụtụ rapids mmiri, oke mkpuchi nke oke ọhịa, mmiri ozuzo na-emighị emi. Ọ bụ ebe ndị dị otú ahụ 'na-amịpụta' ọwa mmiri ọzọ. Ha bụ ndị a ma ama maka mmiri Belaya, Mzymta, Urup, Bolshoy Zelenchuk, osimiri Psheha, iyi Mezmay na Kurdzhips, mmiri na-enweghị atụ nke Greater Gelendzhik, Tuapse na Sochi. N'alaetiti Abrau bụ ọdọ mmiri a ma ama n'etiti ndị ọbịa spa na ndị hụrụ n'anya n'anya. Obere, dị ka ndị ọzọ na agba mmiri nke Western Caucasus. Ebe enwere otutu mmiri, n’ezie, a na-enwekwu ahịhịa. Ma ugbu a banyere ala nke Caucasian reserve. N'ala ya enwere ọdọ mmiri. Kachasị ọcha ma na-ajụ oyi. Ezobere obere ndagwurugwu Karakel na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Teberda. N’Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Abkhazia, ọdọ mmiri Ritsa pụtara, osimiri Bzyb (Pitsunda) na Kodor (nke dị na ndịda Sukhum) bụ ndị a ma ama n’etiti mmiri. Ha dịkwa ọcha ma nwee ụzọ dị elu.
Central Caucasus
Ọdịdị nke Caucasus mere ndokwa nke mere na ọ hapụrụ ebe a ọtụtụ "akara" ya - ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke usoro ugwu a na, n'ihi ya, osimiri ndị na-agbagha. Ọ dị mfe ịkọ na gorges dị na mpaghara a ga-abụ nke miri emi. Were, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndagwurugwu Baksan, Cherek-Kulamsky, Cherek, Chegem, Urukh, Fiagdon, Gizeldon, Genaldon. Ọnụ ọnụ ugwu dị elu na elu ugwu na-ekpuchi ihe niile dị na mbara igwe. N’ebe ụfọdụkwa, ha na-ezo ya. Ọbụnadị n'ụbọchị anwụ na-achasi ike n'oge ọchịchịrị dị ka mgbede ya na n'ụzọ chi juu. Na mkparịta ụka banyere ụta ndị sitere n'okike, anyị na-akọwapụta obere ọdọ mmiri Blue. Ha nọ na Kabarda.
Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ
Isi mmiri dị na mpaghara mmiri a bụ Terek, Sunzha, Kuma, Sulak, Koisu na Samur, na-agafe agglomerations nke obodo ukwu na ime obodo nke ọwụwa anyanwụ nke North Ossetia, yana Ingushetia, Chechnya na Dagestan. Ibe mmiri ahu puru ime ka amamịghe (ihe nleba anya di na ebe a dika akwukwo juru - ihe aga aghagha ha anya, ma obu kari itughari). Mmiri na-asọba n’Osimiri Caspian. Ndị kasị pụta ìhè bụ Kuma na Terek. Nke izizi na mpaghara ụfọdụ bụ ókè dị n’agbata Europe na Esia, n’ogologo narị kilomita asatọ na iri asatọ. Nke abụọ "chapụrụ agbachapụ" n'ime 623 kilomita. N'inwe nnukwu ọwa mmiri, ọ na-azụ ọtụtụ narị ọwa mmiri, na-abụ ókè nke ugwu dị iche iche nke Ossetia na Chechnya. N'ugwu Dagestan na Chechnya enwere ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri mmiri na-agba agba nke ịdị elu nke ugwu osisi.
Colchis Lowland
Ọdịnaya nke Caucasus ji mmesapụ aka mee ka mpaghara ahụ nwee osimiri, bụ nke dabara n'okpuru ike abụọ ugbu a - Abkhazia na Georgia. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, ọ na-amalite site na ntụpụta nke ahịhịa mmiri abụọ - Ingura (Abkhazia) na Rioni (Georgia). Osimiri nile nke Colchis bụ nke mmiri nke ikpeazụ. Ọzọkwa, nke dịlarị na Georgia, sọks nke Ingur (ebe a na-akpọ ya Inguri) na Rioni kewapụ ugwu ndịda nke Nnukwu Caucasus na ugwu ugwu nke Maly. Ọzọkwa, ogologo nke ọwa Rioni bụ kilomita 327. Achọtalarị isi mmalite ya n’elu Ugwu Pasismt. Mmiri iyi a na-eri nri dịka Tskheniskali, Tikhuri na Kvirila. E nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. N'ihi nke a, nnukwu efere nke sistemụ mmiri dị puku mita 13,400. km "Rioni" sụgharịrị dị ka "nnukwu osimiri." Emebere hydronym site na okwu "ri" na "en", ewepụtara n'asụsụ ndị Svans. N'ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ obodo Poti na Kutaisi nke Georgia. Na gburugburu mpaghara mbụ ị ga - ahụ ọdọ mmiri Poliostomi pụrụ iche (nke nwere agwa mmiri emerald). A na-ahụta Lowland kasị ukwuu na Caucasus. Ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mpaghara ahụ akọwara bụ naanị obere "akwa" ugwu gafere, na-ekewapụta Colchis na "furrow" ala ọzọ - ndagwurugwu Kura. N'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Ojii, Colchis bụ otu ibé nke dị na ndịda Kobuleti.
Ndagwurugwu Kura
Mmiri "akwara" bụ nke kachasị ogologo na Caucasus (1364 km). Mba dị iche iche bi n'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri ya (Kurdish Turks, Georgians na Azerbaijanis) nwere ụdị hydronym nke ha. Kura, Mktvari na Kur. Na asụsụ Georgia, nke a pụtara "ezigbo mmiri." N'asụsụ nke agbụrụ abụọ ndị ọzọ edepụtara - 'reservoir' ma ọ bụ naanị "ụlọ". Ezobere isi iyi mmiri na Armenian Highlands (ngalaba Turkish, Kurds). Osimiri na-asọba n'Osimiri Caspian, n'ógbè Azerbaijani Yenikand. Osimiri mmiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ngalaba dị mkpa (Bolshaya Liakhvi, Alazani, Ksani, Araks, Veri na Aragvi), na-akpụ nnukwu mmiri (188,000 sq. Km.). N’ikpere mmiri nke Osimiri Kura dina agglomeration ochie nke ihe ncheta nke ihe owuwu. Tbilisi, Mtskheta, Borjomi, Gori, Rustavi, Mengechevir, Sabirabad na Shirvan. Maka ndị ọkà mmụta odida obodo, ala Kura bụ mpaghara ihu igwe dị iche. N'ihi gịnị? Choputa na mpaghara Flora na Fauna.
Caucasus dị obere na ugwu Armenian
Ala dị larịị nke etiti nyere na aha a bụ nke Rioni, Kura, Likhvi Ridge, na Asia Minor Highlands, na ugwu ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ site n'ugwu nke nnukwu ugwu ugwu Iran na ọmarịcha Lankaran Lowland nke Azerbaijan. N'ime otu mpaghara (nke bụ nke Turkey, Georgia, Armenia na Azerbaijan ozugbo), Araks (naanị ala ndị dị ala) na asọfe Vorotan. Enwekwara ọwa mmiri - Ọdọ Mmiri Sevan (nke kachasị), mpaghara mmiri dị na ndịda nke Mingachevir, na ebe ndozi Osimiri Terter. Site n'ụzọ, n'asụsụ Armenian, aha nke ihe na - eme ka mmiri na - ada ụda dị ka Tartarus (nke a ọ bụghị ókèala ndịda nke alaeze oge ochie nke ndị nna nna Indo-European nke Tartaria?). Araks na Middle Ara bụ usoro iyi kachasị asọba nke obodo Meghri (Armenia) na Saatli (Azerbaijan) na-akwụ. Vorotan bụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ogologo oge (mgbe Araks gasịrị) na Armenia. Ogologo ya dị kilomita iri asatọ na asatọ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dịkwa puku kubit iri ise na ise. km Ọ na-agafe temple nile nke mgbe ochie, tinyere Blue Canyon, yana kwa ala ndị gbara gburu-gburu nke a na-akpọ Nagorno-Karabakh.
Ala mmiri gbara gburugburu nke obodo mepere emepe nke Anapa (Russia)
Ọdịmma nke agwaetiti Caucasus amụbaala ọtụtụ ebe obibi ikuku, balneological na apịtị. Arefọdụ dị njikere ịnya isi nso nke 0.3 - 1-kilometa obosara nke ájá ọla edo na-enweghị ihe ruru ala ruo 15 kilomita. Aja ahụ na-atọ ndị mụrụ ụmụ ahụ ụtọ mgbe niile. N'ihi na n'ugwu dị otú ahụ, e nwere ala dị larịị na-emighị emi. N'ihi nke a, a na-ewere Anapa (dị ka Crimea Evpatoria) bụ ebe ụmụaka kwesịrị. N'uzo zuru oke, anyị na-ekwu maka osimiri na-aga n'ihu, na-aga site na ókèala Taman Peninsula gaa ụlọ ịsa ahụ “ogige” Anapa. O gụnyere braids nke kewara oke osimiri na mpaghara Kiziltash na Vityazevsky. Ifufe na-ahụkwa ha n'anya.
Caucasus State Reserve (Russia)
Nke kachasị, njirimara nke ọdịdị Caucasus egosila onwe ha na ntụrụndụ nke mbara ihu onwe ha. Edebere paragraf ahụ na ama ndị a ma ama (n'ugwu ndị a). GZ "Caucasian" dị na ala nke Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygea ma nwetatụ ohere nke KCR. O gbadoro anya na oke ugwu dika Achishkho, Aishkha, Pseashkho, Fisht, Oshten, Psheho-Su na otutu ndi ozo. N’ebe ugwu adonyere ha bụ Adyghe plateau nke Lagonaki, “akwa ifuru nke July nke Adygea”. N'oge ndị ọzọ, nke a bụ ... tundra. Ugwu ugwu Azish a ka ahuru nke dikariri anya site na mpaghara nke Azish Range. Ọ ga-emeghekwa ndị na-eji okporo ụzọ A-159 eme njem, ya bụ, isi na-eme njem n'obodo a. Guzeripl ("Portal" n'akụkụ akụkụ echekwara nke mpaghara a). A na-ekwe ka eriri ụdọ 8 na ahịhịa ahịhịa. Mpaghara nlekọta ebe a gụnyere ogige Sochi Nature a ma ama.
Mpaghara Elbrus na Kabardino-Balkarian nwere ebe nchekwa ugwu dị elu (Russia)
Nye ọtụtụ, ọdịdị North Caucasus nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na isi okwu a - "ụlọ nke Caucasus." Mkparịta ụka a bụ ihe dịka mita 5642 karịa oke osimiri. Checkzọ nleba anya kachasị mma na ịrị elu Elbrus bụ nke a na-ebupụta site na mpaghara Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Na mpaghara Elbrus, ụzọ A-158 ga-eziga gị, malite na ndịda site n'okporo ụzọ awara awara nke R-217 (mpaghara mpaghara obodo Kabardian nke Baksan). N'ime obodo Elbrus na Terskol "ụgbọ ala USB" na ebe nchekwa. Ugwu ahụ na-ewu ewu n'ihi na a na-ahụ ya site na CBD, KCR, Georgia, Abkhazia, Stavropol.
Dombay (Russia)
Otutu n’ime anyi n’enwe obi uto na ihe ndi Kucasi meputakwara ebe a. Na mgbakwunye na ọnụ ọgụgụ Dombay-Ulgen (4046 m.), Nke ndị Austrian na ọtụtụ ihe ọchị ụlọ, ebe ugwu na-enye gị ohere ileta glaciers, nsụda mmiri na ... sọks na-efe efe. Ọrụ (dị ka ọ dị na Teberd) adịchaghị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ oriri na ọ hotelsụ hotelsụ ndị ahụ mara mma.
Barkhan Sary-Kum (Russia)
N'ikpeazụ, mmadụ enweghị ike ịhapụ ịkọ mpaghara mpaghara Caucasian ọdịdị yiri obere na Central Asia na ọbụna North African. Nnukwu ájá ụwa kasị ukwuu n'ụwa adịghị na Sahara ma ọ bụ na Karakum. Ọ dị nari kilomita iri atọ na asaa n’ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Makhachkala, isi obodo Dagestan. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ụka banyere mmalite ya. Lee, anyị na-eme mgbakasị. Ọzara dị na mba a na ala Kalmykia.
Ogige National Shirvan (Azerbaijan)
E gosiputara ndi di iche-iche nke okike Caucasus site na ihe omuma nke mpaghara Caspian nke ugwu, na mpaghara Azerbaijani nke okpomoku, nke di na obodo Shirvan. Enwere oke ugwu ọkụ, ọdọ mmiri Shor-gel na Chala-gel, ọnụ ọgụgụ obodo nke gazelles, “mmalite” nke ụzọ na - eduga na mmanụ. Ihe kacha eji eme mpaghara echekwara, ndi mmadu na-akpọ otutu puku tulips.
Cross Pass (Georgia)
Ihe “brick” ozo di iche-iche nke okike Caucasus debere ebe kachasi nma na “isi” na-agafe na Caucasus Greater. “Roadzọ kachasị elu n'etiti Central na Eastern Caucasus”, “pearl nke okporo ụzọ ndị agha Georgia,” 'isi ebe ugwu Georgia' - mpaghara a enwetawo ọtụtụ aha na “aha". Snoo na-eguzo gburugburu afọ. A na-ahụ nke ọma ebe ọtụtụ osimiri si na-asọpụta ma na-ese foto ebe agbakwunyere glaciers. Egosipụta ihe ahụ, stele, nkwụsị. Ugbu a, ka anyị kwuo elu nke ugwu a gafere. O dikwa m 2379 m. Isi na-awa!
Ọdọ Mmiri Sevan (Armenia)
Na maapụ obodo dị n’ahịrị ahụ dị n’elu gosiri, ọdọ mmiri a bụ ihe mbụ na-ahụ anya gị. Ya mere, ọ bụ ihe kacha adọrọ mmasị. Anyị na-eburu n'uche na steeti, hoo haa, adịghị ọgaranya na ụta mmiri ndị ọzọ ... Sevan bụ ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu maka Caucasus, ndị ala ọzọ na-echeta phantasmagoria site na okooko osisi buckthorn bushes na otu mkpụrụ osisi na-egbuke egbuke (mmiri). N’ezie ala nile nke Sevan, enwere ebe a na-ele ọbịa nke ọma, nke ezigbo okporo ụzọ gbara ya gburugburu. N'akụkụ ụzọ ya bụ ogige ndị njem na ebe ndị ọbịa. Enwere ogige. Dị ka ọ dị ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, ọmarịcha ihe ntụgharị aghọọla ụlọ nkwari akụ na ntụrụndụ nke njem nlegharị anya. Otu akpaaka si Yerevan “ga-abịa” ebe a.
Aro maka ndị njem
Yabụ, ebe a, anyị ewepụtarala onye na - agụ ihe atụmatụ nke Caucasus. N’akụkụ a ka m ga-achọ inye ndụmọdụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ ka mfe ịgụta ókèala nke ihe ndị e kere eke, ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe nchekwa, soro ndị sonyere na njem a na-akwụ ụgwọ. Amaghị ebe oke mmiri ga-ada ma ọ bụ njem ga -eme ka ọtụtụ ụbọchị ga - eduga gị. Ma ugba na udị elu, nke jupụtara n'ọgba aghara, ụgbọ njem na ọrụ ndị ọzọ, na-adaba adaba maka njem “ọhịa”. Ka anyị tinye n’ụzọ! Ewezuga ya ga-abụ naanị isiokwu ndị dị na North Caucasus Federal District dị ka Chechnya, Ingushetia na Dagestan. Ọ na-adị ngwa ịchọta akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala gbagoro agbago karịa ezigbo njem njem.
Ezigbo maka ọmụmụ nnwere onwe nke obodo na obodo nta (yana traktị ndị dị n'akụkụ) dina n'okporo ụzọ ndị a. M-4 ("Don") ga - eduga gị n'oké Osimiri Ojii site na Zlatoglava. M-217 "Caucasus" na-amị mkpọda mkpọda mpaghara ala anyị site na ugwu, na ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. A-147 na-esote oke osimiri, site na Dzhubga, site na Big Sochi, yana site na nlele ya na Abkhazia. A-149 (Adler - Rosa Khutor) si na ya pụọ, na-aga Mzymta gaa ugwu nke Krasnaya Polyana. A-159 na-ekpughe ịma mma nke South Adygea niile. A-161 ("Ndị agha Georgia") sitere na Vladikavkaz na Tbilisi. A-155 ("agha Sukhum") siri na ndịda Stavropol si na KCR gbaga ebe a na-eme Dombay. N'ebe a ọ dịkwa mkpa ịkọ banyere A-156 (ị na-aga Psebay na ndagwurugwu Teberda). A-164 ("Ossetian soja") na-akọ na North Ossetia si South. A-165 na-ejikọ ndị bi na Cherkessk ngwa ngwa na sanatoriums na isi mmalite nke Pyatigorsk. Okporo ụzọ awara awara site na Samur rue Baku ka amara dika Okporo ụzọ awara awara nke Azerbaijan. Uzo AN-81 - AN-82 bu isi uzo nke Armenia (Yerevan, Lake Sevan). Pozọ Poti-Tbilisi, nke jupụtara na bends, bara uru (ọ na-ejikọ Colchis na akụkụ Georgian nke Ndagwurugwu Kura). Biko rụba ama na ọ bụ naanị n'okirikiri akwara ndị a bụ ndị na - eti mmadụ ihe na mgbe nchekwa abalị adịghị mma.
Na njedebe, ịdọ aka ná ntị ole kwesịrị ekwesị. Obi ụtọ nke ụdị ihe ọkụkụ Caucasian na-eduzi anyị ekwesịghị ịkpata ọnọdụ dị egwu. Zere “onwe onye” (ọ bụghị dịka njem njem na ndị nkuzi) ịga ebe ndị dị elu nke eriri ugwu ahụ akọwara. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Gburugburu Uche (ọkachasị mgbidi Bezengi), Bambaki massif (akụkụ ihu igwe na-enweghị atụ nke Caucasian GZ) anaghị agbaghara mmejọ, yana ugwu ndị siri ike ịgafe. Ndị ahụ nọ na ngwụcha nke Chechnya Russia na Dagestan na steeti Georgia.
Nke ikpeazụ n'ime ngalaba edepụtara ebe a na-emenye ụjọ site na ọnụnọ nkuku ebe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu zoro. Ma ọ bụrụ na anyị etinyeworị aka na oge ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mgbe ahụ gbalịanụ ịhapụ Nagorno-Karabakh - oke nke ókèala a na-ese okwu n'etiti Azerbaijan na Armenia. Ma n'eziokwu, ịgaghị aga Georgia site na Abkhazia ma ọ bụ South Ossetia. Ma ọ bụ chọọ ya na akara akara nke mba ndị a paspọtụ tupu ịbanye na nke a kpọrọ 'alaeze' nke agwa, mmanya dị mma, mmanya anụ, khachapuri na chiiz.
Ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, ọdịdị nke Caucasus adọtala ebo na ndị mmadụ oge ochie, yana ndị na-awagharị awagharị - ndị edemede na ndị na-agụ uri, ndị na-ese ihe na ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma okpukpe. Ọ bụ ha dere akụkọ mgbe ochie banyere ala ndị mara ezigbo mma edere ederede. N'ebe a, esemokwu nke kọntinent ochie, biocenoses, ndị agha mmadụ mere. Togaghị leta ndịda Don, Ọtụtụ na Kum na-apụtakwa na ị ga-achọ ọtụtụ ihe na ndụ gị.
Odida obodo nke North Caucasus
N'ala North Caucasus bu Ala Krasnodar na Stavropol, Mpaghara Rostov na Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia na Dagestan, Chechnya na Ingushetia. Ugwu ukwu, ugwu na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, oke ọzara, oke ọhịa na-eme ka mpaghara a nwee mmasị maka njem njem.
Usoro usoro ugwu niile bụ North Caucasus. Naturedị ya dịgasị iche. E kee ala nke mpaghara ahụ ụzọ atọ:
Akụkụ ugwu nke mpaghara ahụ dị n'agbata osimiri Kuban na Terek. Onwere ogye di. N'ebe ndịda na-amalite mpaghara ụkwụ ụkwụ, nke ga-ejedebe na ọtụtụ ugwu.
Ubara a na-emetụta ihu igwe n'ihi ụba ugwu na ịdị nso nke oke osimiri - Black, Azov, na Caspian. Mmiri ọkụ a pụrụ ịchọta na North Caucasus nwere bromine, radium, ayodiin na potassium.
Ugwu Ugwu North Caucasus
Site na mpaghara ebe ugwu siri ike ruo na mpaghara ndịda na-ekpo ọkụ, ọdịdị Russia na-agbasa. Caucasus bụ ugwu kachasị elu na obodo a. Ha guzobere n'oge mpịachi ahụ.
A na-ahụta usoro ugwu Caucasus dị ka ihe na-eto eto nke ugwu, dị ka Apennines, Carpathians, Alps, Pyrenees, Himalayas. Mpempe alpine bụ oge ikpeazụ nke tectogenesis. O duuru ọtụtụ ugwu ugwu. A na - akpọ ya aha mgbe Alps dị, ebe usoro ahụ kacha gosipụtara ngosipụta.
Ugwu nke Elbrus, Kazbek, Nkume Nkume na oke ahịhịa, Cross Pass na-anọchi anya mpaghara North Caucasus. Nke a bụ naanị obere, ama ama nke mkpọda ugwu na ugwu nta.
Ugwu kacha elu nke North Caucasus bụ Kazbek, ebe kachasị elu nke dị ihe dị ka 5033 m na Elbrus nke nwere ugwu mgbawa - 5642 m.
N'ihi mmepe ala siri ike, ókèala na ọdịdị nke ugwu Caucasus bara ụba na gas na mmanụ. Enwere mmịpụta nke mineral - mercury, ọla kọpa, tungsten, polymetallic ores.
Njirimara nke ọdịdị nke North Caucasus
Enwere ike inweta nnweta nke isi iyi dị iche iche, ụdị kemịkal ha na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, n'ókèala a. Uru mmiri a na-enweghị atụ mere ka a mata ajụjụ banyere ịmepụta ebe ndị a ga-eme njem. Essentuki, Mineralnye Vody, Zheleznovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk bụ ndị a ma ama maka isi mmalite ha na sanatoriums ha.
Ekewapụtara ọdịdị nke North Caucasus na iru mmiri. Isi iyi nke mmiri na-ezo bụ Oké Osimiri Atlantic. Ọ bụ ya mere akụkụ ala dị ala nke akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ji nwee mmiri. Ezie na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nọ na ebili mmiri ojii (uzuzu), ikuku kpọrọ nkụ, ụkọ mmiri.
Ihe omuma nke okike North Caucasus di na otutu ikuku. N'oge niile, iyi mmiri na-asọ oyi nke Arctic, mmiri mmiri - nke Atlantic, ebe okpomọkụ - nke Mediterranean nwere ike ịbanye na mpaghara ahụ. Igwe ikuku, na-edochi ibe ha, na-ebu ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị iche iche.
Na ókèala North Caucasus nwekwara ikuku mpaghara - foehn. Oyi nke ugwu ugwu na-ada, na-ada, jiri nwayọ daa. Iyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-erute ụwa. Nke a na-etolite draya ikuku.
Mgbe mgbe, igwe ikuku na-ajụ oyi na-abanye na ndagwurugwu Caucasian wee gbada ya site n’ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ. Ekem oyobio ama akara ke efak oro, emi afanikọn̄ ọnọ ikpa thermophilic.
Ihu Igwe
North Caucasus dị na ezigbo ala nke mpaghara dị jụụ na nke dị ala. Nke a na-eme ka ihu igwe dị nro ma dị ọkụ. Oge oyi dị mkpirikpi, nke ga-ewe ihe dị ka ọnwa abụọ, ogologo oge ọkọchị - ruo ọnwa 5.5. Otutu ìhè anyanwụ na mpaghara a bụ otu ihe dị anya site na igwe mmado na ogwe osisi. Ya mere, ọdịdị Caucasus bụ ọgba aghara dị iche iche na agba dị iche iche.
Oke mmiri ozuzo n ’ugwu. Nke a bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na oke ikuku, na-egbu ala na mkpọda ma na-arịgo elu, na-ajụ oyi, nye mmiri mmiri. Ya mere, ihu igwe nke mpaghara ugwu dị iche na mbara ala na n'ugwu. N’oge udu mmiri, igwe nwere snow na-agbakọta ruo cm 5. N’elu mgbago ugwu, oke ice na-amalite.
N'oge oke nke 4000 m, ọbụlagodi n'oge ọkọchị kachasị ekpo ọkụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ enweghị okpomọkụ dị mma. N’oge oyi, udu mmiri nwere ike ime n’ihi ụda ọ bụla siri ike ma ọ bụ mmeghari na-aga n’ihu.
Osimiri ugwu, ọgba aghara na oyi, na-esite n’oge agbaze na ice na-agbaze. Ya mere, idei mmiri na-adị oke mmiri n’oge opupu ihe ubi ma ọ dịkarịa ala na ọdịda, mgbe ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị ala. Snoo na-adapụsị n’oge oyi, mmiri na-asọ asọ n’ugwu na-adịkwa mmiri.
Osimiri abụọ kachasị ukwuu na North Caucasus - Terek na Kuban - na-enye ókèala ahụ ọtụtụ ụtụ. Ekele dịrị ha, sọlfọ chernozem na-eme nri nke ukwuu.
Mkpụrụ osisi, ubi vaịn, ahịhịa tii, ahịhịa beri na-agafe nke ọma. Ndị a bụ njirimara nke ọdịdị Caucasus. Oge oyi nke ugwu ahụ na-eme ka okpomoku na mbara ala na ala ụkwụ na-aga, na chernozem na-abanye na sọlfọ.
Mmiri nke ịnweta
Youkwesịrị ịmara na njirimara nke North Caucasus bụ ihe dị mgbagwoju anya. Ndị a gụnyere ịdị anya site n'oké osimiri, oké osimiri. Naturedị ala ahụ. Ebe dị anya site na ekwu okwu na ogwe osisi. Akụkụ ikuku ikuku, ụba nke ọdịda.
O mere na odidi Caucasus di iche iche. E nwere ala ndị na-eme nri na ebe kpọrọ nkụ. Ugwu ahịhịa juru na ya. Akọrọ mmiri na osimiri ndị jupụtara na ya. Ofba ụba nke akụ sitere n'okike, ọnụnọ nke mmiri ịnweta mmiri na-eme ka mpaghara a dị mma maka ụlọ ọrụ na njem.
Nkọwa nke ọdịdị Caucasus dị ịrịba ama na enwere ike ịchọta ihe karịrị 70 ọgwụgwọ na mpaghara ya. Ndị a bụ mmiri ịnweta mmiri, mmiri ọkụ. Ha dị iche na nhazi, nke na - enyere aka na mgbochi na ọrịa:
- eriri afọ,
- anụ ahụ
- sistemụ mgbasa
- sistemu ụjọ
Mmiri mmiri sọlfọ hydrogen a kacha mara amara bụ n'obodo Sochi. Isi mmalite nke Iron - na Zheleznovodsk. Hydrogen sulfide, radon - na Pyatigorsk. Carbon dioxide - na Kislovodsk, Essentuki.
Ugbo
Mkpo ahịhịa nke ókèala a dịgasị iche iche n'ọhịa nke Russia.A na-ekeji Caucasus na ugwu, ala ala, ala ndị dị larịị. Dabere na nke a, mkpuchi ahịhịa nke mpaghara na-agbanwe. Ọ bụ ọnọdụ ihu igwe, ala, ọdịda.
Ugwu ahịhịa juru - ugwu ugwu, ahịhịa juru. Igwe osisi okike nke Rhododendron na-enye ahihia. N'ebe ahụ ị nwere ike ịchọta juniper, osisi na-akpụ akpụ, nke a na-adabara ndụ snowy. Ọhịa sara mbara, ebe oak, beech, chestnut, na hornbeam na-eto, na-eme ngwa ngwa iji dochie ha.
Ahịhịa ahịhịa ahịhịa juru na mpaghara ala kpọrọ nkụ. Ha juputara n'ugbo di iche - poppies, irises, tulips, groves acacia white na oak.
Aronia na ubi, ubi-vine nile na-anọchi anya ya. Naturedị Caucasus dị mma maka osisi mkpụrụ osisi, osisi - pears, cherị piom, hawthorn, ogwu, dogwood.
Fauna
Anụmanụ ndị dị ka anụmanụ dị ka gopher, jerboa, bekee na-agba aja aja, stape ferret, fox, wolf. Ha bara ọgaranya na ohia nke Russia. Caucasus, mpaghara ya nke nwere ọzara, dị mma maka ụdị ahịhịa na-agba agba, ahịhịa na etiti ehihie, ụrọ ụrọ na Fox-corsacus. A na-achọta Saigas (antelopes steepes). Roe deer, bea brown, na bison bi n'ime oke ohia.
Ihe e ji mara Caucasus bụ nnukwu ọnụọgụ nke ihe anụ. Udu mmiri na nke ihu igwe di nma ma buru ebe diri ndu ha. Nke a bụ parapeepe na onye na-achị achị, agwọ na ndị na-egbu egbu.
N’ime ahịhịa amị amị ị pụrụ ịchọta oke ọhịa, ahịhịa amị, nkịta ọhịa. E nwere nnụnụ mmiri, yana ugo, egbe, kestrel, nnụnụ ndị mbụ, bustard, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, na kree.
.Nweta mineral
Thedị Caucasus bara ụba na nnukwu mmanụ. Nkwakọ ego nke kol na agba aja aja, ọla kọpa na manganese, asbestos, nnu dị oke mkpa.
Mmụta ala egosila na ọla niile dị mkpa maka akụ na ụba mba nwere ike ịchọta na North Caucasus. Ndị a bụ nkwụnye ego:
N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mmepe nke nkume ewu ewu ewuwo. A na-enwe ekele maka ihe tuff lava siri ike na slate roofing. Maka owuwu ụlọ nke ejiri mpaghara nzu nke Neogene. North Caucasus bụ onye ama ama maka nkwakọba ego nke granite, marble, basalt. Achọpụtala nkwụnye ego ọla edo na ọla ọcha.
Mmechi
Isi ihe dị na ọdịdị nke North Caucasus bụ iche iche. Ngwakọta nke ugwu ugwu na obere ala ojii, nke ahịhịa ugwu na ala ọzara. Oke mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ na-abanye ikuku akọrọ nke mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ.
Ihu igwe ፊት, ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ajụ oyi na-etolite akụkụ nke North Caucasus. Iyi ndị si n’Oké Osimiri Atlantic na Osimiri Mediterenian na-ebu iru mmiri. Ihu igwe na - ekpo oku sitere na Central Asia na Iran na - enwe oke ikuku.
Dị ọcha, ikuku doro anya nke ejiri ọkụ ultraviolet jupụta ya, ọ na-eme ka ndị bi n'ime ya bie ọtụtụ afọ. Ọkụ, okpukpu dị mkpirikpi, akụkụ dị elu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọta ndị njem. Isi iyi ndị na-agwọ ọrịa, itinye akụ nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike na-eme ka mpaghara a mara mma maka usoro ahụike na ụlọ ọrụ.
Ala ahịhịa juru, ọtụtụ osimiri - mma okike nke mpaghara ahụ na-adọrọ adọrọ. Ihe ngosi akụkọ ọdịnala na nke ọdịnala na-enye nnukwu mpaghara ike a.
Ọdịmma nke North Caucasus
North Caucasus nwere akụ pụrụ iche sitere n'okike, nke enweghị analogues n'ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa. E nwere ugwu dị elu nke nwere mmiri ice n’elu ọnụ ọnụ na oke ọhịa nwere osisi na-emebi emebi, osisi ndị na-adọrọ adọrọ n’elu mkpọda na ala ahịhịa juru, yana osimiri ndị na-asọ asọ. N'ihe mepere emepe nwere ahịhịa ahịhịa na okike e ji mara mpaghara ahụ dị njọ. E nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ ihu igwe dị na mpaghara a. Dabere na ụdị ala dịgasị iche iche a, ụdị okike ebilitewokwa.
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Osisi
Osisi ụwa na mpaghara a bụ ihe dị ka puku ụdị isii. Ọtụtụ osisi na-eto naanị ebe a, ya bụ na ha dị oke egwu. Ndị a bụ skwọdrops snow na Bortkevich na popo, Caucasian blueberries. N’etiti osisi na osisi a na-enwe oke ọhịa, ogwu, cherị ọhịa, osisi udara, pọmpụ oké osimiri, hornbeam, na fir. Enwekwara ubi nke utu beech, daisies pink, elecampane ugwu. Ọzọkwa, ụdị osisi ahịhịa dị oké ọnụ ahịa na-eto na mpaghara North Caucasus: daiyeder na Taurida wormwood.
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N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụdị ihe ọkụkụ na ụdị dịgasị iche iche, a na-emepụta ogige nchekwa na ogige, okike na mpaghara obibi.
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Ikuku nkịtị
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Vodokras
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Akwa edo edo
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Mmiri ọcha
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Broadleaf cattail
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Hornwort
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Urut
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Altai officinalis
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Asphodelina Crimean
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Siri asphodelin
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Nwa ebule a na-ahụkarị
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Colchicum ụbịa
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Belladonna (belladonna nkịtị)
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Aja na-adịghị mma
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Atọ akwukwo
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Mkpụrụ ego Loosestrife
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Verbena officinalis
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Veronica melissolist
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E kewara Veronica
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Veronica filiform
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Veronica Cock Ridge
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Buttercup Anemone
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Kpechie ahịhịa
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Geranium
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Ndi ozo ndi ozo
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Adonis mmiri adonis
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Grushanka gbara gburu-gburu
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Elecampane toro ogologo
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Dioscorea Caucasian
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Dryad Caucasian
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Origanum juru ebe nile
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St Jọn wort
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Centaury nkịtị
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Iris or kasatik
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Katran Steven
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Kermek Tatar
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Ọkpụkpụ Circason
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Meadow klova
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Umu ahihia
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Bellleaf
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Saffron
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Ike lily nke ndagwurugwu
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Mkpụrụ osisi cinquefoil na-akụ
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Ọkpụkpụ ọgwụ
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Nnukwu flaịlị nwere nnukwu ọkụ
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Sgha ahịhịa
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Buttercup
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Etu poppy
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Ungsụgharị
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Ewu ụlọ Sempervivum
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Akwụkwọ peony
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Nnukwu mmiri nke Caucasian
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Nsụgharị asụsụ Siberia
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Repeshka a na-ahụkarị
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Spiny Tatarnik
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Timothy ahihia
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Na-akpụ akpụ thyme
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Felipea acha ọbara ọbara
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Horsetail
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Chicory
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Hellebore
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Black mgbọrọgwụ ọgwụ
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Oge opupu mmiri Chistyak
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Sage meadow
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Orchis
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Orchis magenta
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Ahuru Orchis
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Anụmanụ
Dabere na ụwa a kụrụ, ụwa anụmanụ nwekwara etolite, mana ihe anthropogenic na-emerụ ya mgbe niile. Ọ bụ ezie na ugbu a enwere nchegbu banyere ịhapụ ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche. Peoplefọdụ ndị anaghị egbu oge ma ọ bụ mbọ iji weghachite ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Iji maa atụ, ụgbụ ojii ojii na ewu Hungary nọ na njedebe mbibi.
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Chamois na ewu ọhịa, lynx na mgbada, nne ele na anụ ọhịa bea na-ebi n’ókè ugwu North Caucasus. Na steppe enwere jerboas na oke bekee, hirehogs na hamsters. Nke anụ, anụ wolf, weasel, fox, ferret na-achụ nta ebe a. Oke nwamba na martens, baajị na boars ọhịa na-ebi n'oké ọhịa Caucasus. N'ime ogige ị nwere ike ịchọta ohia ndị anaghị atụ egwu mmadụ, na-ewerekwa ọgwụgwọ site n'aka ha.
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Eji ojoo
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Ụrọ kpụọ (nnukwu jerboa)
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Roe mgbada
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Igha
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Osisi caucasian
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Onye na-ahụ maka ndị Goucasian
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Ewu ewu bekee
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Nkịtị na-acha uhie uhie
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Bishọp caucasian
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Njem Caucasian
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Nkịta (Korsak)
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Agwọ
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Pine marten
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Dormouse igbo
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Obere gopher
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Leopard Eshia nke etiti
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Anyi wara wara
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Uzo nkwanye ugwu
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Lynx
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Saiga (saiga)
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Chamois
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Nnukwu mmiri snow
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Ihe eji emechi emechi
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Nkịta ọhịa
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Mmiri iyi
Ndị njem ahụ nwere echiche dị ịtụnanya: a na-egbochi ala dị larịị na mberede, osimiri wee si na nnukwu ọmarịcha mkpọtụ na-efe efe, na-efe efe n'akụkụ nkume ndị tụrụ àgwà. Mmiri iyi a na-achagharị anyanwụ na-eji ụdị agba egwurugwu niile na agba.
N'ime ebe ugwu ugwu nke North Ossetia-Alania, ndagwurugwu nke Midagrabinsky Waterfalls dị. Ndị njem na-ahụ ọhụụ dị egwu - ọdọ mmiri 14 na-agbadata site na ndagwurugwu, na-asọfe site na mbara igwe. Otu n'ime njiri mara nke North Caucasus, Akwa Zaigelan mara ndị njem, nke pụtara “ịda ogbenye” n'asụsụ obodo. Nke a bụ sọsọ mmiri Europe kacha elu. Ọ na - ebugharị mmiri ya n’okpuru mmiri dị n’elu na-efe efe site na ịdị elu nke ihe dịka 650-700 mita, na obere ala na-emepe oghere ọzọ nke mbupu mmiri ahụ - Obere Zeigelan. N'ihi ọdịiche dị ukwuu nke ịdị elu, a na-ekwupụta Big Zeigelan na mmiri iri kachasị elu n'ụwa. N'oge oge oyi, mgbe agbaze nke glacier Midagrabin na-akwụsị, nsụda mmiri ahụ na-agbanwe gaa na kọlụm ice na-adọta oke - ndị na-efe ice.
Nnụnụ
Enwere ụdị nnụnụ dị iche iche na mpaghara a: ugo na ala ọnwa, kites na heater, nnụnụ kwel na lark. Na nso osimiri dị ndụ ducks, pheasants, wagtails. E nwere nnụnụ na-akwagharị akwagharị, na enwere ndị na-ebi ebe a kwa afọ.
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Alpine swirl
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Griffon ugo
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Ugo na-acha odo odo
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Agba aja aja ma ọ bụ ojii
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Osisi
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Blackstart redstart
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Mountain wagtail
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Bustard ma ọ bụ Dudak
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Osisi Greenpecker
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Tuvik European (Hawk dị mkpụmkpụ)
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Edo edo
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Zaryanka
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Green-eri
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Onye ọka ohu
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p, blockquote 230,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasian black grouse
p, blockquote 231,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 232,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasian Ular
p, blockquote 233,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 234,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasian pheasant
p, blockquote 235,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 236,0,0,0,0 ->
Partridge
p, blockquote 237,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 238,0,0,0,0 ->
Ular Caspian
p, blockquote 239,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 240,0,0,0,0 ->
Klest-elovik
p, blockquote 241,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 242,0,0,0,0 ->
Linnet
p, blockquote 243,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 244,0,0,0,0 ->
Korostel (dergach)
p, blockquote 245,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 246,0,0,0,0 ->
Aka na-acha uhie uhie
p, blockquote 247,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 248,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 249,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 250,0,0,0,0 ->
Kurgannik
p, blockquote 251,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 252,0,0,0,0 ->
Meadow
p, blockquote 253,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 254,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 255,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 256,0,0,0,0 ->
Muscovite ma ọ bụ tit ojii
p, blockquote 257,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 258,0,0,0,0 ->
Redstart na-emekarị
p, blockquote 259,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 260,0,0,0,0 ->
Greenfinch na-ahụkarị
p, blockquote 261,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 262,0,0,0,0 ->
Nkịtị Oriole
p, blockquote 263,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 264,0,0,0,0 ->
Ugbo ojoo
p, blockquote 265,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 266,0,0,0,0 ->
Kingfisher
p, blockquote 267,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 268,0,0,0,0 ->
Onye nzuzu
p, blockquote 269,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 270,0,0,0,0 ->
Nri abalị
p, blockquote 271,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 272,0,0,0,0 ->
Ugo ukwu
p, blockquote 273,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 274,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 275,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 276,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 277,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 278,0,0,0,0 ->
Pischa na-ahụkarị
p, blockquote 279,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 280,0,0,0,0 ->
Ubi ọnwa
p, blockquote 281,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 282,0,0,0,0 ->
Partridge
p, blockquote 283,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 284,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 285,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 286,0,0,0,0 ->
Jay
p, blockquote 287,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 288,0,0,0,0 ->
Stenolaz (stenolaz nwere nku ojii)
p, blockquote 289,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 290,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 291,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 292,0,0,0,0 ->
Ozo
p, blockquote 293,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 294,0,0,0,0 ->
Flamingo
p, blockquote 295,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 296,0,0,0,0 ->
Nwa stork
p, blockquote 297,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 298,0,0,0,0 ->
Blackbird
p, blockquote 299,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 300,0,0,0,0 ->
Ọlaedo
p, blockquote 301,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 302,0,0,0,0 -> p, blockquote 303,0,0,0,1 ->
Naturalwa okike na North Caucasus bụ ihe pụrụ iche na enweghị atụ. Ọ na-amasị ya n'ụdị dịgasị iche iche. Naanị uru a ga-echekwa, ọkachasị ndị merela ọtụtụ ihe mmerụ ahụ na ala a.
Enugwu fosil
A hụrụ otu ụdị enyí ndị dị n'ebe ndịda ochie na Stavropol. Ọkpụkpụ anụ ọhịa ọ bụla, nke so n'anụ mammoth, bụ ihe na-achọsi ike na-enweghị atụ. Enwere ihe ngosi ise yiri ya na ụwa, na ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Paris, Tbilisi, na St. Petersburg. Mana ọ bụ naanị na Stavropol ka a chọtara ụzọ abụọ ihe mgbe ochie. Enugwu ndị a dị ndụ na nde 1-1.8 gara aga, e gwuola enyí ahụ afọ 40 mgbe e mesịrị karịa enyí ahụ: achọpụtara ya na 2007, enyí ahụ n'onwe ya bụ ihe ngosi na Museum stavropol-Reserve kemgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri na abụọ.
Flora nke North Caucasus
Richba ụba nke osisi North Caucasus bụ n'ihi njirimara nke enyemaka ahụ, bụ nke, kwere ka e guzobe ọtụtụ mpaghara ihu igwe dị iche iche na mpaghara ahụ. Ọbụghị obere ọrụ maka idobe ahịhịa ahịhịa dị iche iche na ọdịdị dị mma site na ala "ọtụtụ akụkọ": n'obere mpaghara (1.5% nke ókèala nke Russian Federation), ihe karịrị puku mkpụrụ osisi isii toro.
Iche iche nke osisi North Caucasus dabere n'eziokwu na a na-emebi zonality akpọpụtara ebe a: a na-ekpuchi oke osisi na mkpọda ebe ugwu, na mkpụrụedemede ugwu na-eto na ugwu, mana, na-emebi iwu, na "canyons" dịpụrụ adịpụ "ihu igwe na-agbanwe nke ukwuu, yabụ osisi na-etolite na latitude a 'ga-ebili' gaa mpaghara dị elu, ọ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ maka ha n'ozuzu ha.
Ejiri ụdị ahịhịa dị na mpaghara North Caucasus, nke ahụ bụ, ụdị ụdị akụ dị na mpaghara a. N'otu oge ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke osisi esitere na mpaghara ndị ọzọ toro na mpaghara, nke na-agbakọta ngwa ngwa ma na-akpakọrịta na ahịhịa osisi: osisi mkpụrụ osisi na osisi, osisi bara uru, osisi na ọgwụ.
Site na njirimara okike ya, North Caucasus di nso na Asia, ya mere, ndi nnochite anya nke osisi ahihia na abiala ebe a.
Anụ ọhịa nke North Caucasus
Ihe ngosi uzo na ihu igwe nke metutara ogbe North Caucasian flora metutakwara onu ogugu ndi mmadu site na ndi anumanu na nnunu rue otu uzo. Mmadu nyekwara aka, aghaghi ikwu, ihe ghaghi idi. Site na ndu ya, otutu umu anumanu no na nso mbibi, onu ogugu ya ugbu a ji nnukwu ike na onuzi eweghachi ya. Edere ewu na Hungarian na stork ojii ka edepụtara na Red Book.
Anụmanụ ọhịa nke na-ebi na North Caucasus mgbe niile bụ anụ ọhịa, ewu ọhịa, chamois, na ihe karịrị otu puku invertebrates (spiders). N'ime ndị na-eri anụ, a na-achọta lynx, nke na-eri nri, na-awakpo nduru na mgbada, na anụ ọhịa bea, ndị dị obere karịa ndị na-acha nchara nchara, ndị bi na mpaghara Russia. Ha na-eme udo kpamkpam ma rie mkpụrụ osisi ripened nke ube, chestnut.
Odi, minks na abughi nke di nso na ebe ha na azu azu. Umu nnụnụ a na-anọchite anya ihe dị ka ụdị 200: toki ugwu, oke ohia ojii, cak, pinki ojii.
Pụrụ iche dune
Nnukwu dunary Sarykum dị na Dagestan, na mgbakwunye, ọ bụ onye kachasị ukwuu na Europe. Ọ na-eru elu nke 250 mita ma nwee dayameta nke ihe dịka 3000 mita, na mpaghara ụwa dum dum dị ihe dị ka hekta 600. Sarykum bụ ọmarịcha pụrụ iche, n'ihi na ọ chọghị n'ime ọzara, mana ọ dị nso na Kapchugai Gorge, yana Osimiri Shura-Ozen kewara na ọkara. Еще одна специфичность Сарыкума в том, что он недвижим и устойчив.
Сердце Чечни
Мечеть "Сердце Чечни", построенную в Грозном в рекордный срок – в течение двух лет, по праву называют архитектурным чудом 21-ого века. Располагается она на площади, превышающей 5000 квадратных метров, и может принять одновременно до 20 тысяч прихожан. В мечети применена техника росписи из 16-ого века, а сама она сооружена в османском стиле. Белоснежный мрамор, оригинальный купол, высокие минареты, восхитительная золотая роспись, 36 шикарных люстр с чеченским узором. Архитектура святого места, шикарный парк, разноцветные фонтаны – все это вызывает восторг у ее посетителей независимо от вероисповедания или национальности. Храм потрясает своим величием. "Сердце Чечни" непременно нужно посмотреть в темноте, когда подсвечивается вся мечеть.
Голубые озера
Природа Северного Кавказа не перестает удивлять туристов. Пятерка восхитительных карстовых озер притаилась среди ущелья в Кабардино-Балкарии. В них хранятся тайны природы, на которые ученые до сих пор ищут ответы. Например, Нижнее озеро не снабжается речными водами, хотя каждый день оно тратит до 70 миллионов литров воды, а его объем и глубина при таком расходе совсем не уменьшаются. Aha ya ọzọ - Tserik-Kel - bụ otu n’ime ọdọ mmiri ndị miri emi na Europe. N'ehihie, ọ na-enwe ike ịgbanwe agba ruo oge iri na isii - site na azure ruo emerald, mana enwere mmiri kwụ ọtọ: ọ dịghị elu karịa + 9 0 С n'afọ niile.
Ndị na-eche nche
North Caucasus bụ otu n'ime ebe ole na ole na Russia ebe echekwara ndị na-eche nche - ihe atụ mara mma nke ọdịbendị mbụ nke ndị ugwu. Ha dị na mpaghara ndị dị na North Caucasus dị ka Ossetia, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechnya na Kabardino-Balkaria. Ngwado agha ndị a nwere ma ebe obibi ma ọrụ nchekwa, ọ bụ ya mere eji kpọọ ha elekere na ndị isi. N'ihi mwakpo nke ndị iro, azọpụtaghị nnukwu ihe owuwu ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ elu ndị ahụ maara nke ọma, ezinụlọ ọ bụla na-akwanyere mkpọrọgwụ ya na-ewere ya dị ka ihe ùgwù iji wulite ụlọ elu ha. Dị ka ọdịnala oge ochie si dị, a ga-ewu ụlọ elu agbụrụ ihe na-erughị otu afọ, ma ọ bụghị ya, a na-elele agbụrụ ahụ dị ka nke na-adịghị mma. E wuru ụlọ elu dị otú a, dịka iwu, adịghị anya site na obodo, na mpaghara ndị nwere ọhụụ dị mma. Ndị na-eche nche na-egosipụta nsọpụrụ nke ezinụlọ, ịdị n'otu na enweghị egwu nke ndị bi n'elu ugwu North Caucasus.
