Prọfesọ R.V. Protasov, onye nrite Steeti Laureate, bụ otu n’ime ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ndị Russia na mpaghara akparamaagwa azụ. Vladimir Rustamovich bipụtara mkpụrụ mbụ ya nke “Acoustics Azụ nke Azụ” n’etiti afọ ndị 1960, ka na -agabeghị uru sayensị ya. N’akụkụ ebe e dere n'akwụkwọ ahụ, o doro anya na ndị aquarist ga-enweta ozi bara uru maka onwe ha.
Anyị (Protasov na Romanenko, 1962) jiri nnwale mepụta njikọ nke ụda na ịkụda ụfọdụ azụ Aquarium - Betta splendens, Macropodus opercularis, Lebistes reticulatus, wdg. Site na ịhazi oke okpomọkụ na ọnọdụ ọkụ nke aquarium, anyị gbanwere ugboro ugboro ọnụego azụ nke azụ. N'okwu a, mgbe azụ ahụ banyere na mpaghara ndị ahụ na-adị ọcha ma na-emebi emebi, a na-achọpụta mmụba dị ukwuu na ọrụ ụda ha mgbe niile. Relatedda metụtara mbedo nke ụmụ nwanyị, ụda iyi egwu ụmụ nwoke na-ama aka, a na-etinye ụda ntorobịa na nchekwa nke ụmụ na ụda nri.
Azụ dị iche iche na-ebilite azụ tupu ya adaa na mgbe ụmụ nwoke na-azọ asọmpi maka nwanyị. Site n'ọdịdị ha, ha adịghị iche na ụda iyi egwu nke enyere na nchekwa nke ụmụ.
A na-ahụkarị ihe omume a nke ọma na ndagide ihe (Protasov, Romanenko na Podlipalin, 1965). Nwoke na-amachi mkpi tupu ha apue ma kpoo umu nwanyi ka ha gbaa egwu. Mgbe ndị di na nwunye n’etiti ụmụ nwoke pụtasịrị, ọgụ ahụ na-amalite. N’igosipụta njiri mara nke iyi egwu nye ibe ya, ụmụ nwoke n’otu oge squeak na cod, nke pụtara n’ụzọ doro anya ihe mgbaàmà. Ofda nke ihe iyi egwu nke osisi siri ike (ike otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri). Ya mere, anyị enweghị ike nyochaa nnwale nnwale ha.
Enwere ike ịhụ ụda nke ụmụ nwoke na ọgụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ka ọ dị mfe na azụ aquarium: ụmụ nwoke (plema mma Betta), cichlids dị iche iche, wdg. Okpukpo azu bu ihe eji eme ihe. Ka oge nsogbu a na-eru nso, oke iwe nke iyak a na-abawanye nke ukwuu. O zuru ezu n’oge a igosi nkịta n ’enyo ya n’enyo, ebe ụmụ nwoke ahụ na-atụ anya ihe iwe, ma na-eme ọpịpị otu, na-agbakwuru“ onye iro ”.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ihe iyi egwu dị na azụ jikọtara ya na omume mpaghara. Ọtụtụ azụ, na-eduga naanị otu, jikọtara ọnụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ndụ, na-ebi na ọdọ mmiri n'otu mpaghara, nke a na-echebe. Soundsda egwu dị na nke a abụghị naanị intraspecific, kamakwa akara mkparịta ụka dị mkpa.
Na-ebi Thailand, Malaya, na agwaetiti Indo-Australian akipelago, azụ mmiri Botia hymenophisa, n'adịghị ka azụ ndị ọzọ sitere na Botia, na-eduzi ndụ naanị otu (Clausewitz, 1958). Na ọdọ mmiri, azụ ndị a na-ebi obere ebe nwere dayameta nke ruru 1 mita, nke na-echebe mbuso agha. Tupu ị buso azụ ahụ, ha na-eme mkpọtụ dị nkọ. Soundda a na-atụ ụjọ azụ a na-awakpo ahụ, na-adọ ha aka na ntị banyere mpụ ọgụ enwere ike. Otu ngosipụta nke ụdị B. hymenophisa, na-enweghị ụda, anaghị atụ ụjọ azụ.
Ihe puru iche doro anya nke ujo di ka akara nke iyi egwu na agbachitere ókèala anyi site n'aka anyi (Protasov na Romanenko, 1962) na azu azu Aquarium.
N'ime mmiri dị iche iche, azụ ndị a na-abụkarị ụzọ abụọ (nwoke na nwanyị), na-ejide mpaghara ụfọdụ. Mwakpo nke azụ ndị ọzọ, karịsịa otu ụdị, na-eduga ọgụ. Lesmụ nwoke n'ebe dị anya site na 15-30 centimeters buru pose na-eyi egwu ma wepụta oke ụda. Azụ obere obere n’otu oge ahụ na-amị n’ala ala ma mee ka ọ ghee. Dị ka a hụrụ site na nnwale na ikewapụ azụ site na ịhe akụkụ na -eme ka opaque dị mma, ọdịdị ụda na-ama jijiji na-atọ ụtọ azụ ndị ọzọ. N'otu oge ahụ, ụgbọ elu dị ka ngosipụta nke mmeghachi omume doro anya na-egosipụta onwe ya site na ihe na-erughị sentimita 10 site na ụda ahụ. A na-egosipụta mmeghachi omume kachasị pụta ìhè na ntanetị nke ụda olu na ụda iyi egwu di egwu.
Ofda azụ dị ka akara nke ihe ọghọm. Anyị guzobere nnwale nke mbụ anyị na mmadụ abụọ nke whale egbu (Protasov, Romanenko, 1962). Na-agba otu n'ime azụ ahụ, anyị hụrụ agwa dị nkọ nke azụ a bipụtara, yana ọsọ abụọ nke azụ si ebe a gafere. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-eme ọtụtụ nnụnụ klaasị nọ ọdụ na paịlị ebe a na-achọ macropods. Anyanwụ ahụ na-egbu egbu whale na-emekwa ude dị nkọ, na-esikwa n'ebe dị ize ndụ pụọ. Wlọ azụ ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu dị n'akụkụ ya sonyeere ya, na-emitomi njikwa agwa. Ọ kwesiri iburu n'uche na macropods anaghị a nota ntị na ụda nke whales na-egbu egbu ma ghara ịhapụ ebe ha. Ya mere enwere ike iche na mgba nke egbu whale nwere uru nke mgbaàmà ịdọ aka na ntị dị njọ. Whale-squeaker na-eme ihe yiri nke ahụ na ọnọdụ eke. Dabere na nkwupụta nke ndị ọkụ azụ Amur kwuru, n'oge a na-egbu ụgbụ, azụ whale na-egbu egbu na-eme ụda dị ike ma na-atụpụ azụ whales ndị fọdụrụ.
Azụ nke kpụrụ ụdị abụọ abụọ, n'ihi ụkọ matynchrony, ebidola ịmụ nwa. Gametogenesis n’ime ụmụ nwoke, dị ka a na-achị, dị n’ihu usoro ntozu nke ohia nke nwanyị. Ka ọ dị n’oge spawning, ụmụ nwoke emechaala nwoke (spermatozoa) (ya mere, dịka iwu, enwere ụmụ nwoke na-enwete mgbe niile na mpaghara spawning), ụmụ nwanyị nwere ụmụ aka na ọkwa nke IV-V n’oge a, usoro osị dị n’ime ha ebidobeghị (Meyen, 1944, Kulaev, 1939, Dryagin, 1949).
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, emeela ka o sie ike na maka mgbanwe nke ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe ọnọdụ mmiri, ụfọdụ ọnọdụ mpụga dị mkpa, mmetụta nke sistemụ endocrine na-eduga n'ọbara. E guzobere ya na usoro dị iche iche na-eduga ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị, omume omume nwoke nwere oke mkpa (Noble, 1938, Aronson, 1945). N'ime njikọ a, ụda nwoke na-eme n'oge 'mbedo' nke nwanyị dị ezigbo mkpa. Tinyere akara nke anya, uda umunwanyi “na elebara” anya nke nwanyi nwere uru na-akpali akpali, nke gbasara nwanyi n’igba omumu ma mekwaa ya dika oge ya.
N’ọtụtụ azụ na njikọta ezi na mpaghara ezinụlọ, nwoke na-ekere òkè na-akpali akpali. Ọ na - amalitekarị mgbe ụmụ nwanyị na - achụ ya. N'otu oge ahụ, ụmụ nwoke na - eme mmeghari stereotypical dị mgbagwoju anya site na iji akara ngosi anya ma na - ewusi ya ike site na iji ụda na ọtị ma ọ bụ igbu akụkụ akụkụ nke afọ. Lesmụ nwoke, macro pods, angelfish, acaras, gourami na ndị ọzọ na -eme ka ụda ụkọ na-esighi ike (otu ma ọ bụ abụọ). Ihe njiri mara na nke a bu akparama agwa nke macropods na mma agha (data Tsvetkov na ebiputaghi). Nkpali nwoke nke nwanyi na - ewere ya na odi na ulo. Ka ọ na-erule oge nrụzi ya, usoro mkpalite ahụ na-akawanye ngwa ngwa. E gosiputara nke a ma na ngbanwe nke ngwa ngwa nke nwoke, na mgbakwunye nke ike na mmụba nke ụda. Tupu idobe àkwá, mkpali nwoke na nwanyị na-erite bara uru kachasị mma. Otu ma ọ bụ okpukpu abụọ na-akụ abụọ jikọtara ọnụ n'ime obere ihe a na-akwụ ya. Nwoke na - akwa ha mmiri, nwoke na - egwu mmiri n'ihu nwanyi ahu, gbasaa nku ya ma jiri aru ya dum na-ama jijiji. A na-ahụ otu ụda a n'oge mkpali nwanyị na oke osimiri na agịga (Hardenburg, 1934, Noble, 1938). Soundsgba ụda na-eme ka mmekọrịta nke nwoke na nwanyị na-eto eto. Yabụ, ọ bụrụ na n'oge mbedo nke nwa nwoke, a na-eme iko na-enweghị isi na iko aquarium, tụfuo nwanyị, a na-egbochi egwuregwu ndị dị na azụ ndị a. Ihe ndị dị otú ahụ a dị iche anaghị anọpụ iche, ndị niile na - anụ ọkụkọ aquarium maara nke ọma.
Akụkọ
Mpaghara a nwetara nnabata ya na 1956 na I Bioacoustic Congress na Pennsylvania (USA).
Na 1974 na 1978, emere nzukọ mkparịta ụka abụọ nke All-Union na Leningrad na bioacoustics nke njirimara mmetụta nke olu mmadụ.
Na USSR, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nyocha biocoustic dị na Institute of Evolutionary Morphology na Ọmụmụ Ọmụmụ nke Anụmanụ aha ya A. N. Severtsov Academy of Sciences nke USSR, Acoustic Institute. N. I. Andreeva Academy of Sciences nke USSR (Moscow), na Institute of Physiology. I.P. Pavlova na Institute of Evolutionary Physiology na Biochemistry akpọrọ aha ha Sechenov I.M., USSR Academy of Sciences (Leningrad), na Mahadum Moscow State na St. Petersburg State University, na Karadag Biostation nke Institute of Biology nke South Sea nke USSR Academy of Sciences. Enwere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na USA, England, Japan, France, na Germany.
Nnọọ
Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke nkwuputa ụda nke anumanu. Can nwere ike lelee ntụgharị site na olu "arụ ọrụ", nke emepụtara n'ihi esemokwu nke akụkụ dị iche iche nke ahụ, ruo n'ọrụ iji na iku ume ("ezigbo" olu) nke iyi ikuku. A na-ahụ olu "ọrụ" na anụmanụ dị ka ududo, centipedes, crayfish na crabs, ụmụ ahụhụ (ụda nku na-ama jijiji, cicada membranes, wdg.) A na-ahụ ụda ụda nke oke azụ (n'ime ezinụlọ 42), ha na-eburu ụda site na igwu mmiri eriri afo, akpịrịkpa, jaws, wdg.
.Zọ
Firstzọ nke mbụ dị mfe iji mụta asụsụ anụmanụ bụ nyocha.
Bioacoustics na-anakọta olu ụmụ anụmanụ - nke a dị nnukwu mkpa na sayensị, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịpụ apụ, na-ekwu olu dị iche iche, nke na-eme ka o kwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha. Ọbá akwụkwọ egwu na-abụkwa ebe a ga-esi nweta ihe maka iji arụ ọrụ bioacoustic (na-adọta ma ọ bụ na-akpasu ụmụ anụmanụ iwe).
Na USSR, Central Library of Animal Voices dị na Biological na Ala nke Mahadum Moscow State na alaka ya na Institute of Biophysics nke USSR Academy of Sciences na Pushchino na Oka. Mahadum Leningrad nwere nnukwu ọbá akwụkwọ egwu; enwere nchịkọta ihe ndekọ na Kiev, Tartu, Vladivostok na obodo ndị ọzọ. Mahadum Cornell nwere karịa ihe ndekọ 24,000 nke olu nnụnụ.
B.N. Veprintsev na A.S. Malchevsky keere aka na imepụta ebe a na-agụ akwụkwọ nke olu nnụnụ, E.V. Shishkova, E.V. Romanenko - azụ na dolphins, I.D. Nikolsky, V.R. Protasov - azụ, A. I. Konstantinov, V. N. Movchan - anu ara, A. V. Popov - ụmụ ahụhụ.
Otu n'ime usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ nke bioacoustics bụ ikpebi uru mgbaàmà nke ụda olu. A na-eme nke a site na ịdekọ na ịmalitegharị ụda ụfọdụ na nyochaa mmeghachi omume ụmụ anụmanụ. Ya mere, ihe eji edekọ ihe bụ otu n’ime ọrụ kachasị nke bioacoustics.
Ihe omuma bara uru maka umu anumanu nwere ike iburu ike, olulu, ogologo oge nke uda ha. A na - eme ngagharị ụda site na iji oscilloscope na sonograph.
Ojiji bara uru
A na-eji mmezu nke bioacoustics iji na-adọta ụmụ anụmanụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, azụ maka ịkụ azụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-emerụ ahụ maka mkpochapụ), na ịtụ ụjọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, nnụnụ si na ikuku na ubi ma ọ bụ anụ sitere n'obodo).
Fishdọrọ ụja na mkpanaka azụ na-agbasa ụda anụ na-eri anụ na-enye gị ohere ịnweta nnukwu ihe. Azu, ana - ejikwa ụda na - agha - mee ka azu ghara iru n’ime obere akpa, ebe o ka no na mmiri. N'ebe a, a na-ahọrọ ụda azụ dị iche iche na-eri otu azụmaahịa azụmaahịa. Otu n'ime ụzọ ndị dị otú a (na-eitatingomi ụda nri dolphins-barrels) ka Yu .. A. Kuznetsov, V. S. Kitlitsky, A. S. Popov n'oge Soviet.