Mpaghara ihu igwe nke Equatorial. N’akụkụ na-emekọ ihe, site n’Oké Osimiri Pasifik ruo n’ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo Oké Osimiri Atlantik, e nwere mpaghara ihu igwe sara mbara, mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ. Ka ị na-akwaga n’ebe ugwu na ndịda etiti ụwa, mmiri na-ezo. A na-ahụta kọntinenti a dịka ụwa kachasị dịrị na mbara ụwa. Oke mmiri ozuzo dara na ugwu ugwu, na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke Brazil na Amazon, yana na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke South America. Igwe mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke kọntinent na-eme ka mmiri dị mma, yana njiri nke enyemaka ahụ. N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke South America, a na-enweta mbara ọzara, na-agafe n'oké ikuku ikuku na-esite n'oké osimiri, nke na-abanye n'ime ala banye na usoro ugwu ugwu Andes. Ugwu na-egbu oge iru mmiri, nke daba n'ụdị oke mmiri ozuzo mmiri, oke nke oke nwere ihe karịrị 3000 mm kwa afọ. Ọnọdụ ikuku kwa afọ na-adị elu mgbe niile + 20 Celsius C - + 25 Celsius C, ya mere ọ na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe niile ebe a.
Emechara ọrụ n’otu okwu ahụ
Akara ikuku nke Subequatorial. N'elu na n'okpuru ala belikọts nke South America bụ subequatorial belt. Mpaghara ihu igwe dị n'otu oge na mpaghara abụọ nke ụwa - ndịda na Northern. Na mpaghara ala mmiri nke ala equatorial, n'ihi ịdị nso ya n'oké osimiri, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na-ada (ihe ruru 2000 mm kwa afọ). Ọzọkwa na mpaghara a, oke ọhịa mmiri na-ewepụta mmiri na-etolite. N'ime omimi nke kọntinent, ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-adịkarị ala, na-enweghị mmiri (site na 500 ruo 1000 mm kwa afọ). Na mpaghara ihu igwe mpaghara amalite savannah.
A na-amata Savannahs na belt subequatorial site na ihu igwe dị elu na ọnwa ụfọdụ. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ga-ekewa afọ ahụ ka oge ọkọchị na udu mmiri. N'ebe dị anya site na onye na-etolite etolite, obere mmiri na-ezo. Ejiri ahịhịa ahịhịa kpuchie Savannahs. A na-ahụ ụdị ihu igwe a na mpụga ebe mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, na mmiri osimiri Orinoco, n'ugwu ndị dị na Brazil na n'akụkụ akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ Ecuador. Okpomoku di site na + 18 Celsius C rue + 24 Celsius C n'oge udu mmiri na site na + 20 ° C ruo + 25 ° C n'oge ọkọchị. Ejiri ahịhịa ahịhịa kpuchie Savannahs.
Ihe osise 1. Savannahs nke South America. Onye edemede24 - gbanwere ọrụ ntanetị nke ụmụ akwụkwọ
Mpaghara ebe ikuku. Na South America, eriri igwe na-ekpo ọkụ dị na ndịda nke subequatorial ma nwee ọdịiche pụtara oke na ọnọdụ ihu igwe site na ebe okpomọkụ Australia na Africa. N'okpuru mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, mpaghara a dị iru mmiri ma nke a na-egbochi ọganihu nke ọzara, ọ bụ ezie na ikuku ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-enwe ebe a n'afọ niile. Naanị ọzara Atacama dị na ọdịda anyanwụ. N'oge ọkọchị, okpomọkụ dị na ebe oke oke nwere ike ịrị elu karịa 25 Celsius C, n'oge oyi, ọ na-abụ site na 8 Celsius C ruo 20 Celsius.
A na-ekewa eriri igwe okpomọkụ dị na mpaghara atọ:
Ókèala mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ buru nnukwu ibu, ọ gbatịrị n'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri, n'akụkụ akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ya na Andes nwere agbụ.
Ọ bụ ebe a ka oke ọzara Atacama na-enweghị mmiri dị, bụ nke pụtara n'ihi ụba ihu igwe jupụtara na mpaghara a. Ugwu Andes kewapụrụ ọzara site na ikuku ikuku.
Ókèala mpaghara mpaghara akụkụ akụkụ etiti akụkụ ya dịkwa nso n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke South America. Ebe oke mpaghara dị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke Andes, oke mmiri ebe a ruru 1000 mm kwa afọ, nke kachasị karịa mpaghara mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ. Emere nke a site na ikuku ikuku na-esite na Oke Osimiri Atlantic, ndị Andes anaghị egbochi ụzọ ahụ.
Na mpaghara mpaghara mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ enwere oke ọhịa iru mmiri. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọdịda nwere ike karịa 1000 mm kwa afọ. Ala otu unwu ala na-egbochi ohia.
Mpaghara ihu igwe nke Subtropical. Na South America, mpaghara subtropical dị n'okpuru ebe okpomọkụ ma ókèala ya dị obere. Oyiyi juputara na ebe a, nke na emetuta ihu igwe ya na ndi ozo ndida ya. N'ebe a, ikuku kpọrọ nkụ nke ukwuu, ọnụọgụ mmiri dị naanị 250-500 mm kwa afọ. Ihe ka ukwuu n'ala ahụ bụ steepụ, n'ogbu mmiri nke ọzara Afrika na ọzara na-apụta. Agbanyeghị, na ọdịda anyanwụ, ikuku mmiri anaghị abịaru ụsọ mmiri nso, yabụ mmiri na-ezo ebe a, oke ọhịa na-etokwa. N'oge oyi, okpomọkụ dị site na + 8 Celsius C ruo + 24 Celsius C, na oge ọkọchị, ọ nwere ike ịdaba na 0 Celsius.
Mpaghara ihu igwe na-arụ ọrụ. Ogige ahụ dị n'akụkụ ndịda kọntinent. Ndị a bụ n'ọzara, nke etoliteworo n'okpuru nduzi nke Falkland, Western, Peruvian ikuku. E nwere oke mmiri ozuzo (a na-erughị 250 mm kwa afọ). N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, mmetụta nke ikuku mmiri na-efegharị efegharị dị ntakịrị, yabụ, mmiri na-ezo ebe a. Ala nke South Hemisphere, ebe dị jụụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara. N'ihi mmetụta nke Antarctic, ikuku ikuku dị n'akụkụ a na-adị ala mgbe niile. N'oge oyi, ọ na-agbadata + 20 Celsius C, n'oge ọkọchị ọ na-agbada n'okpuru 0 Celsius.
Ihe na-emetụta ihu igwe nke South America
Ihe ato bu nke meturu ihu igwe nke Afrika.
Nke mbụ, ihe kachasị mkpa bụ oke ikuku ikuku dị elu na-egbochi South Atlantic na South Pacific Oceans, nke ikuku na-ekesa na-adabere. South nsogbu na South Atlantic na South Pacific na-enweta ụdị nnukwu anticyclones ọkara na-adịgide adịgide (ebe ikuku dị elu nke ikuku ikuku na-efegharị). Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke South Pacific anticyclone na-emetụta ihu igwe nke ihe dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke South America, na-akpata ọdịda dị jụụ na ikuku, nke na-eduga obere mmiri ozuzo.
Ihe nke abụọ bụ ọnụnọ mmiri dị n'oké osimiri n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke kọntinent, nke ikuku na mmiri na-adabere. N'agwaetiti Atlantic, iyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-emeri.
Ihe nke atọ bụ Ugwu Andes, nke na-egbochi ụzọ ikuku ikuku siri abanye na ndịda kọntinent ahụ.
Subequatorial eriri
Ogige subequatorial dị n'elu na n'okpuru ala mpaghara Equatorial, nke dị na ndịda na mpaghara ugwu nke ụwa. Ka omimi a na ala, ka ihu igwe buru ihe buru ibu. N'akụkụ ala eriri mmiri, mmiri na-ada rue 2000 mm kwa afọ, ebe a na oke ọhịa iru mmiri na-eto. Na mpaghara ọdịda nke ọdịda, ọdịda dị ala, 500-1000 mm kwa afọ. Na mpaghara a, savannah bidoro. Oge udu mmiri na-ada na June-August na ugwu nke ala, na na ndịda - na December - February. Oge oyi na-amalite n'oge dị iche iche n'afọ, dabere n'ebe dị anya site na ekwu okwu.
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Akara eriri
N'ebe ndịda nke subequatorial bụ eriri ebe okpomọkụ na South America. Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe ebe a dị oke iche na ala Australia na Africa. Enwere mmetụta dị ukwuu nke okpomoku mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na-enye aka ịme ka okpukpu kpuchiri ókèala ahụ ma gbochie ọdịdị nke ọzara, naanị na ọdịda anyanwụ bụ ọzara Atakama nwere ihu igwe pụrụ iche, nke dịpụrụ adịpụ site na iru mmiri. Mpaghara nke ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nwere akụkụ dị n'etiti kọntinent ahụ. N'ebe a, ihe dị ka 1000 mm ọdịda na-adaba kwa afọ, ma enwere savannah. N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, e nwere oke ọhịa iru mmiri na oke mmiri ozuzo. Oge ọkọchị dị elu karịa +25, yana oge oyi site na +8 ruo +20.
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Nkọwa ihu igwe
South America bụ kọntinent kachasị mmiri mmiri na mbara ala. Ala mmiri nke kọntinent a na-ejupụtakarị kwa afọ na oke mmiri ikuku, nke kachasị na Amazon Delta. Nke a bụ n'ihi eziokwu na ọtụtụ kọntinenti dị na mpaghara nke eriri Equatorial.
Ihe ndị a na-emetụta nguzo ihu igwe:
- njirimara ala
- ikuku na-ekesa
- oké osimiri.
Ala mmiri dị n'ime mpaghara ala isii, nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke ewepụtara na tebụl na ugwu ugwu.
Eriri ala na-abaghị uru
Mpaghara Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe ọzọ nke South America bụ mpaghara dị n'okpuru ala ebe ala. N'ebe a, ikuku akpọnwụọ, steepụ ga-amalite, na omimi nke kọntinent ahụ n'ọzara, ọzara na-etolite. Ogologo mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ bụ 250-500 mm. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, mmiri na-ezopụ ọzọ na oke ọhịa na-etolite. N’ọnwa Jenụwarị, ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ikpo ọkụ ahụ erutewo +24, na onwa Julai, ihe ndị na-egosi nwere ike na-erughi 0
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Ihu igwe na-ekpo ihu na-ekpuchi akụkụ ndịda nke kọntinent ahụ. Ọ bụ ebe a ka ọnụnọ dị ukwuu nke ọzara malitere site na mmetụta nke ikuku oyi. Ọdịda mmiri adịghị karịa 250 mm kwa afọ. Okpomoku di ebe a di ala. N’ọnwa Jenụwarị, ọnụọgụ kachasị elu ruru +20, na July, ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ikpo ọkụ na-agbadata 0.
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Ọnọdụ South America pụrụ iche. Afrịka dị na mpaghara ihu igwe ise, mana ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị iche na mpaghara ndị ọzọ yiri ya na kọntinent ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebe a, ọzara adịghị n'ime ebe okpomọkụ, mana na ihu igwe dị mma.
Eriri Equatorial
N'ọnọdụ nke eriri Equatorial, a na-etolite ihu igwe dị ọkụ ma dị iru mmiri. Ego ole tupu ha eruo 5000 mm n'afọ niile.
Oke iru mmiri, na-eru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100%, bụ n'ihi ihe ndị a:
- mmiri iyi
- enyemaka nkịtị - ala dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na-eme ka ikuku ikuku gbazee n'ime ala, ebe ha na-agbada n'akụkụ ụkwụ nke Andes wee daa n'ụdị mmiri dị ukwuu.
N'ime afọ niile, ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na mpaghara a, ma ikuku ikuku anaghị agbadata n'okpuru 20-25C.
Na ókèala nke eriri Equatorial nke South America, enwere ebe obibi pụrụ iche - oke ọhịa mgbe niile ma ọ bụ sel. Ahịhịa ahịhịa na-enweghị atụ nke na-adọrọ mmasị na mpaghara dị egwu bụ "ngụgụ nke mbara ala", n'ihi na ọ na-emepụta oke ikuku oxygen.
Fig. 2. Oke ọhịa Selva
Mpaghara na-arụ ọrụ
Ọpụpụ nke kọntinent ahụ dị na mpaghara ikuku. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ókèala ya nile bụ ọzara, nke na-abụghị n'amaghị ya. Agbanyeghị, mgbanwe a bụ mmetụta siri ike nke ọdọ mmiri na - egbochi mmiri niile na - egbochi ikuku.
Ọnọdụ ikuku dị na mpaghara ahụ adịghị oke elu n'ihi mmetụta nke Arctic: n'oge ọkọchị ọ gafere 20C, n'oge oyi, ọ na-agbadata 0C na ala. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọdịda dị obere - erughi 250 mm. n’afọ.
Ọnọdụ ebe obibi South America
Oke ohia ahụ, nke dị na ndịda nke ọdịda anyanwụ ọdịda anyanwụ, oke osimiri Pacific na Atlantic na-asa ya.
O nwere obere agwaetiti nwere obere agwaetiti na-emejupụta na ndịda oke mmiri.
Ọ bụ ezie na South America abụghị kọntinent kasị ukwuu, agbanyeghị na o nwere mpaghara ala mara mma, nke a na-esonye n'ụdị eburu site na ugwu ruo na ndịda.
Geology na enyemaka nke anumanu
Ebere a sitere na South America ikpo okwu na eriri ugwu Andean.
Egwuregwu oge ochie nwere akụkụ dị mkpa nke akụkụ ala mmiri - akụkụ ya na akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ. Yabụ, na South America, a na-enwekarị ihe enyemaka nwere plateaus na-adịghị ahụkebe, bụ nke ntọala dị n'elu mebere.
N'ebe ndịda enwere usoro ikpo ọkụ nke Patagonian nke ukwuu.
Oke ugwu Andes, bụ ugwu ugwu nke ala dagbasoro anya na mmiri nke oke osimiri na oke mmiri n'oge dinosaurs. Ugwu ndi a bu umu aka ebe ihe ndi mmadu na aru oru ha.
Mpaghara Ndịda nke South America
Andes bụ usoro ugwu kachasị ogologo n'ụwa, nke dị site na ndịda ruo ọdịda anyanwụ nke South America. Ogologo ugwu niile dị ihe karịrị 9000 km. Na obosara nke Cordillera na ebe karịrị 700 km. Nke a bụ otu ugwu kachasị elu - Aconcagua, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 7,000 m.
N'ime Andes, ọtụtụ mpaghara dị elu na-elekwasị anya, na-ejikọ ahịhịa na fauna dị iche iche. Nke a bụ naanị ebe na kọntinent ebe achọtara conifers.
Eziokwu! Mountain gilea bụ ókèala ebe ikuku na-ajụkarị oyi na ikuku siri ike, na osisi ndị dị ebe ahụ na-etolite Alaka dị ịtụnanya.
Mgbe ị rịgoro n’elu ugwu, ụmụ ahịhịa ga-aka njọ:
- 1500 m - mpaghara nke oke ala Equatorial ọhịa,
- site na 2800 m - mpaghara dị jụụ, nke ndị na-anọchite anya fauna, conifers, bamboos, hinnas, cocas na bushes dị ka nke nọchiri anya ya.
- Site na 3800 m - enwere oke ohia nke na-eto eto
- site na 4500 m - Alpine ahịhịa.
Ihe karịrị 5000 m na-amalite mpaghara nke snow na-adịru mgbe ebighi ebi. N'ime Andes, enwere ebe ndobe, Pearl nke Andes National Park, nke sitere na 2,500 ruo 6,768 m.
Okpomoku nke ugwu di elu na-ebelata nke ukwuu site na ala rue elu. Yabụ, na ịdị elu nke ihe ruru 1000 m na mgbe okpomọkụ dị site na 24 ruo 26 Celsius okpomọkụ, a na-ahụ iru mmiri nke 3000 mm ọdịda. Na ala ahịhịa juru, ebe a na-edebe okpomọkụ na ogo 4-8, ọnụọgụ ha anaghị agafe 1000 mm.
Mpaghara ebe obibi na South America na njirimara ha
South America na-emetụta mpaghara nke mpaghara ihu igwe ise n'otu oge - Equatorial, subequatorial, ebe okpomọkụ, nke dị ala, nke dị jụụ.
Naturedị ya pụrụ iche, n'ihi ọnụnọ anụmanụ nwere oke. Mpaghara nke ọ bụla dị iche na ibe ha, yabụ, a ga-enye nkọwa ha dị mkpirikpi na tebụl.
Oke Oke Oke Osimiri (Selva)
Selva nwere nnukwu akụkụ nke ala dị larịị nke Amazon, agbanyeghị, ókèala buru ibu anaghị enweta - ahịhịa na-eto eto nke ukwuu, gụnyere ferns, osisi hindu na ceibu.
Ọzọkwa, n'oké ọhịa Amazon, osisi niile nwere osisi vaịn siri ike jikọtara ọnụ, na-akpụ mgbidi na-enweghị mgbagha. A na-ahụkarị ụlọ ndị a na-ahụ anya n'ọhịa ọhịa. Jaguars, ọtụtụ narị ụdị urukurubụba mara mma, ọtụtụ ụdị enwe na ọtụtụ puku ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebi n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke ọhịa. Somefọdụ n'ime ihe ndị kasị dị ize ndụ bụ agụ iyi na anacondas, tinyekwara Amazon Piranhas. Thewa nnụnụ Amazon bụ nke kasị baa ọgaranya na mbara ụwa. Toucans, parrots, hummingbirds na harpies na-ebi ebe a.
Dị Mkpa! Na South America, ọtụtụ agwọ ọjọọ, ndị na-egbu egbu na frogs na-adị ndụ. Anaconda ahụ erutela ihe ruru kilogram ise n'ogologo.
N'ime oke oke ọhịa dị ọkụ ma na iru mmiri, ala ndị dị ebe a bụ uhie na-acha edo edo. Enwere ọtụtụ osisi mara mma: orchids, osisi egusi, euphorbia, osisi chocolate.
Oke osisi siri ike
Ọ dị na mpaghara South America, nke kachasị na Chile. Ọ nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na oge ọkọchị, mana n'oge udu mmiri, udu mmiri na-amalite site na mmiri ozuzo nke ruru 600 mm kwa afọ. Osisi nke oke ohia siri ike nwere nnukwu ahihia, nke na –emebi ahihia. Ha na-enwe ike ijigide mmiri ruo ogologo oge. Ala dị ebe a na-abụkarị chestnut.
Atingatingomi oke ohia mmiri
Mpaghara a dị n'ọnụ ọnụ oke ọhịa nke ala Equatorial, nwekwara mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ala mmiri na ụsọ Oké Osimiri Atlantic n'akụkụ akụkụ ya.
Subequatorial na ebe okpomọkụ
Yellow andwa na Red Earth
Bamboo, Araucaria, Ceiba, Akwụ oyibo
O yiri mpaghara nke oke ọhịa oke mmiri, mana dị iche na ụdị ụdị dị iche
Otu ihe di oke ohia nke iru okpomoku bu mgbanwe nke oge n’aho onodu ubochi, Osisi nile dara oke, ala nke oke ohia di iche iche. Ala nwere ọtụtụ ihe nri ndị mmiri ozuzo na-asachapụ.
Savannahs na ọhịa ọhịa (Llanos)
N'ịbụ nke dị na mpaghara subequatorial na ebe okpomọkụ nke kọntinent ahụ, ha dị nnukwu akụkụ nke Highlands Brazil, Orinoc Lowlands na Guiana Highlands. Llanos na-eju mmiri mmiri kwa afọ, nke na-anaghị ahapụ ala maka ọnwa 5-6, ọ bụ ya mere savannas ji ghọọ mmiri iyi.A na-achọta osisi nkwụ na sedge na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu ebe a. Ma na ala dị larịị nke Brazil, e nwere ahịhịa dị ala, nkwụ. Ala nwere ọtụtụ acha ọbara ọbara, mana ụwa anụmanụ dị iche iche. Ndị na-eri anụ dị ka cougars na jaguars, mgbada ahịhịa, na enyí ọkụ, ndị na-eme achịcha na-ebi ebe a.
Savannahs na ọhịa
Akụkụ ndị dị n'ebe etiti na ebe ugwu nke ala nwere ihe ọkụkụ na osisi fauna dị ala karịa Amazonia. Lee savannahs na oke ohia.
Otu njiri mara nke mpaghara a bụ nkewa:
llanos - savannas nwere ahihia di elu nke di na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Orinoco,
Campos Serrados - ahihia nke nwere ahihia, ahịhịa na osisi,
raspos limpos - savannahs ahịhịa ndụ,
warara - savannas na bushes na osisi iche.
Tropical na subtropical
Kebracho, cashew, paslaro, mkpụrụ akụ na bea, cacti, agaves, nkwụ Mauritius
Ndị nnọchi anya anụ ọhịa America, anụ ọhịa South America, Ostrich Nandu, armadillos, akwara, agwọ, ndị na-egbu egbu.
Soildị ala na-acha uhie uhie dị na mpaghara a na-eme nri, yabụ kọfị, nkochi, na ahịhịa banana na-agbakọ ebe a. A na-eji ubi ahịhịa jupụtara.
Pampas ma ọ bụ steppes
Kpachara anya na La Plata Lowland. Ejiri ugwu dị iche iche na-enwe ahịhịa ndụ na-acha ọbara ọbara, nke ahịhịa ndụ na-eto n'ọtụtụ. Ìgwè ehi na-ata nri n’apịtị, na ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n’ebe ndị a na-akọ ọka. N'ime ndị bi: enyí nnụnụ, ahịhịa na-agba, mgbada, ọtụtụ òké. A na-ahụ ahịhịa na ahịhịa amị n'ọnụọgụgụ n'ọtụtụ, na-eto n'akụkụ mmiri.
Uzara na ọzara
Ọzara bụ ógbè kachasị kpọrọ nkụ na South America, nke dị na mpaghara dị jụụ ma dị oke ala. Mmiri ozuzo ebe a adịghị ọtụtụ, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị anọ ọtụtụ afọ. Agbanyeghị, nke a anaghị ewepụ ndụ n'ime ya. Cacti, ọka ọka na-adị na ebe. N'ime ụmụ anụmanụ, ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ chinchillas, yana bea na drọd na-ekiri.
Ala ịkpa bụ tumadi ndịda. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ - n'ihu Andes, nke a bụ Atacama, yana n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ - Monte na ọzara Patagonian, na-atụgharị gaa n'ọzara.
Patagonia
Obere mmiri ozuzo na-ada ebe a - ihe ruru 200-600 mm kwa afọ. Enwere tumadi aja aja na agba ntụ agba aja aja. Ihu igwe a na-ekpo ọkụ ma dị nro, kama ọ na-ajụ oyi. Umu anumanu nke oke ozara ha di iche-iche karie oke ozara. Armadillos, nutria, na ụdị ụfọdụ nke obere ụmụ anụmanụ bi ebe a.
A na-anọchi anya ahịhịa ahịhịa Patagonia site na ahịhịa na-eto eto na ọka nkịtị, nke na -eme ebe buru ibu. Enwekwara ahụ mmiri na ọkara mmiri, ndụ dị nso nke na-arụ ọrụ karịa.
Ọdịdị dị ịtụnanya na South America, nke ama ama maka ọhịa Amazonia dị iche iche nwere oke ohia, nnukwu mmiri na anacondas akụkọ ifo, enweghị oke ohia, agwakọta na nke iju. The tundra na Arctic adịghịkwa anọ ebe a. SA bụ kọntinent kasị dịrị mmiri mmiri na mbara ala, ma amụtabeghị ya. Ugwu ndị dị elu nke Andes na ndagide nke Amazon ka na-ezochi ọtụtụ ihe nzuzo.
Flora na fauna nke ala mmiri
Ejiri flora na sauna South America di iche-iche na ọnụnọ nke ọnụọgụ dị ukwuu njuputa (Isi mmalite). Nke a bụ n'ihi ịdị n'otu nke kọntinent ahụ na ogologo oge dịpụrụ iche na kọntinent ndị ọzọ.
Ezinaụlọ niile bụ njirimara South America. osisi jupụtara: cactus, ịnyịnya na-adọta, nasturtium, bromilium. Otu n'ime anụmanụ dị egwu umu anumanu di iche-iche mara amara nke Amerdia, ahihia, anteat, armadillos, umu anumanu, nkpuru osisi 500 nke hummingbirds, mkpuru osisi Onda, toucans, otutu umu anumanu, umu anumanu, azu na umu umu.
Nhazi nke mpaghara eke dịkarịsịrị kwekọrọ na mpaghara ikuku na mpaghara (lee fig 1). Oké Osimiri, ọnọdụ nke ndịda kọntinent ahụ na latitude a na-ahụ anya na ọnụnọ nke nnukwu ugwu nwere nnukwu mmetụta na zonality.
Fig. 1. Map nke Mpaghara Okike
Tupu ị mata ihe ụfọdụ dị na mpaghara South America, mee ntakịrị nyocha na maapụ.
Kedụ ebe ndị dị n'okirikiri? Ole n’ime n’ime ha kacha buru ibu? Kedụ ka esi akwụ ụgwọ na South America?
Selva
Otu njiri mara nke ala mmiri bụ ọnụnọ oke ọhịa mmiri na-enweghị ike ịta mmiri nke na-eto na ala ala ferralitic. Kpọọ ha ebe a - selva, nke a sụgharịrị n’asụsụ Portuguese dị ka “ọhịa”.
Selva nwere mmiri mmiri karịa oke ọhịa nke Africa, na-abawanye ụba na ahịhịa na ụdị anụmanụ. Osisi dịka selba na-eto ebe a, na-eru mita 80. E nwere ụdị nkwụ dị iche iche, osisi nke melon, koko, hevea, nke osisi vaịn na-agbanye. Enwere ọtụtụ orchids ifuru n'ime ọhịa. Ọtụtụ osisi selva na-enye bụghị naanị osisi bara uru, kamakwa mkpụrụ osisi, ihe ọ juiceụ juiceụ, ogbugbo maka iji na teknụzụ na ọgwụ.
Fauna Selva bara ọgaranya karịchaa. Ọtụtụ anụmanụ na - emegharị na ndụ nke osisi. Ndị a bụ ezumike, enwe enwe. Ọbụnadị froz na lizards na-ebi na osisi, enwere ọtụtụ agwọ, gụnyere agwọ kacha ibu n'ụwa - anaconda (lee fig 2).
Ungulates - tapirs na akụrụngwa nke kachasị na ụwa - isi ala capybara nke dị kilogram iri ise na-ebi n'akụkụ mmiri. Onwere ndi na-eri ibe ha di ole na ole, n’ime ha kacha mara amara bu jaguar. Birdwa nnụnụ nwekwara ọgaranya: ụmụ obere hummingbirds na-ata nri na mkpụrụ osisi, okooko osisi, toucans na ndị ọzọ. Otutu ahihia, umu anumanu na umu anumanu ndi ozo. N'ala ala nke oke ahihia yana n'ime ala enwere otutu ndanda, otutu ha na ebi ndu ha. Offọdụ ndanda ruru sentimita atọ n'ogologo.
Llanos
Mpaghara savannahs, woodlands na nke osisi a dabere na mpaghara subequatorial ma akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ebe okpomọkụ. Ndị Savannahs na-eburu Musicok Lowland, ebe a na-akpọ ha llanos (lee fig 3).
Na savannas nke mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, ahịhịa anaghị ata ahịhịa. N’etiti ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ n’ebe mmiri dị, bụ́ ebe ọ kpọrọ nkụ ma na-ekpo ọkụ ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa, osisi gbagọrọ agbagọ na osisi ndị ahịhịa na-eto wedara n’ala.
N'ime ha, ndị a ma ama bụ kebraccio, nke ahịhịa ya nwere tannins dị mkpa maka ịcha anụ ahụ.
E jiri ya tụnyere savannah nke Africa, sauna nke South America dara ogbenye. Obere mgbada, ezì ọhịa - ndị na-eme achịcha, armadillos nke nwere ọta ukwu, ọta na ụmụ nnụnụ - nnụnụ Nanda na-ebi ebe a.
Pampa
Pampa - ala ahịhịa juru na ala dị larịị nke South America, n'akụkụ ọnụ Rio Plata, ọkachasị na Argentina na Uruguay (lee fig 4). N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, a na-eji Andes mechie pampas, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Atlantic.
N’ụdị mmiri dị egwu, na-eme nri, ala nwere agba ojii na-acha ọbara ọbara guzobere na steepụ.
Ahịhịa ahịhịa dị elu bụ ahịhịa, nke ahịhịa jupụtara, ahịhịa milley na ndị ọzọ na-akakarị. Maka oghere ndị mepere emepe nke pampa, anụmanụ ndị na-agba ọsọ ọsọ bụbu ndị e ji mara: Pampassian mgbada, pampassi pusi, llamas.
Gbanwe odidi ala ndi mmadu
Mmetụta mmadụ na-ekere uwa na South America bidoro mgbe ụmụ amaala obodo ahụ, na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, na-agba ebe ndị oke ọhịa ọkụ maka ebumnuche a, na-egbu mmiri. Agbanyeghị, mgbanwe ndị a adịchaghị mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nke bilitere na ọbịbịa ndị Europe na ala mmiri.
Lowkọ ugbo, igbukpo ahịhịa, ahịhịa, mmalite nke ahịhịa ọhụrụ esi na kọntinent ndị ọzọ ebute, mere ka e nwee nnukwu mgbanwe na ihe ndị dị n'okike.
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akụkụ dị mkpa nke pampa na-akọ ma jiri grazing. Ahịhịa na-ata ahịhịa.
Pampa enwekwaghị ọdịdị mbụ ya. Ọ ghọọla ọka na ọka na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, ogige maka inye nri. Oke ohia bara uru nke araucaria - conifers na-eto n’ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Plateau Brazil fọrọ nke nta ka ebibie ya. Na saịtị nke oke ohia na savannah, ebe osisi dị kọfị na-ebute site na Africa, na ahịhịa koko, nke ụdị anụ ya na-eto n'oké ọhịa Amazon.
A na-emebi oke ohia nke Amazon ngwa ngwa. Ihe owuwu uzo nke Transamazon (5,000 km) mepere uzo rue selva (lee fig 5).
Fig. 5. Mwube nke okporo ụzọ Transamazon
N'ihe eji eme ihe ugbu a, ndị sayensị na-ekwu na n'oge na-adịghị anya ọhịa ndị a nwere ike ịpụ kpamkpam. Ma oke ọhịa nke Amazon na-enye ikuku dị ukwuu, nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ.
Ọrụ ụlọ
Gụọ § 26 (p. 84 - 85). Zaa ajụjụ ndị ahụ:
Name Kpamkpam aha South America. Kedụ ka anyị nwere ike isi kọwaa ọnụọgụ ha buru ibu?
Ole ebe obibi kacha bụrụ nnukwu ala na mmiri?
Akwukwo banyere akwukwo
IsiA bụ m
1. Geography. Andwa na ndị mmadụ. Ọkwa 7: Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ maka agụmakwụkwọ n'ozuzu. nwata akwụkwọ / A.P. Kuznetsov, L.E. Saveliev, V.P. Dronov, usoro nke "Spheres". - M.: Mmụta, 2011.
2. Ala. Andwa na ndị mmadụ. Ọkwa 7: Atlas. Usoro "Spheres".
Agbakwunyere
1. N.A. Maximov. N'azụ akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ala. - M.: Mmụta.
Akwụkwọ maka nkwadebe nke preparationgbọala na Nnyocha steeti
1. Ule. Ala. Ọkwa 6-10: Akwụkwọ nkuzi-usoro / A.A. Letyagin. - M.: LLC “Agencylọ ọrụ“ KRPA “Olympus”: Astrel, AST, 2001. - 284 p.
2. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ọdịdị ala. Ule na ọrụ bara uru na ọdịdị ala / I. A. Rodionova. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996 .-- 48 p.
3. Ala. Azịza nye ajụjụ. Nyocha ọnụ, nka na omume / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Mbipụta ụlọ "Nyocha", 2003. - 160 p.
4. Nnwale ule dị iche iche iji jikere maka asambodo ikpeazụ na ule ahụ. Ala. - M.: Balass, ed. Lọ RAO, 2005. - 160 p.
Ntanetị Internetntanetị akwadoro
1. Russian Geographical Society (Isi Iyi).
2. Mmụta Russia (Isi Iyi).
3. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ọdịdị ala (Isi mmalite).
4. Ebe ederede (Isi mmalite).
5. Encyclopedia gburugburu ụwa (Isi mmalite).
Ọ bụrụ n’ịhụ njehie ma ọ bụ njikọ mebiri emebi, biko mee ka anyị mara - mee onyinye gị maka mmepe ọrụ ahụ.