N’etiti ụdị nnụnụ niile dị n ’mbara ụwa anyị, a na-ahụ nnụnụ ndị na-anọkarị otu ebe na ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị. Karịsịa ọtụtụ nnụnụ ndị na-agafe agafe na-ebi n'ógbè ndị gbara gharịị, ebe a na-emepụta ahịa nnụnụ n'oge okpomọkụ - nnukwu ụyọkọ nnụnụ na-akwụ n'akụkụ ala okwute. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, ụba a niile na-akwaga na ndịda, na-agafe puku kwuru puku kilomita gaa na saịtị oge oyi.

Mana enwere otu pụrụiche n'ezie n'etiti nnụnụ ndị na-agafe agafe nke ụsọ mmiri Arctic, ndị kwesịrị ka a kwanyere ha ugwu ma kwanyere ha ugwu. Aha ya bụ Arctic Tern.

Nke a bụ naanị nnụnụ na mbara ụwa a na-efe efe maka oge oyi ọ bụghị mba ndị na-ekpo ọkụ, mana mpaghara ndịda ga-ama nke ukwuu, na South Pole. Ngwurugwu akuru arctic na umu na umu n’etiti Arctic, na nso akuku osisi North. Ma na oge oyi, ha na-efe efe gaa na ebe ọnọdụ obibi, ebe a nọ n'oge ọkọchị ọkọchị - ka ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Antarctica. Eleghị anya, tern achọtaghị ebe obibi ga-adaba adaba ọ bụla nso. Ọ tụgharịrị na ha ka ndụ ha niile bụ oge ọkọchị nke afọ, mgbe ha dị njikere ife ruo nsọtụ ụwa.

Na eserese ahụ: a na-ahụ akara ebe a na-acha uhie uhie na acha ọbara ọbara, a na-egosi ntụpọ oge oyi na anụnụ anụnụ, àkwà na-egosi ụzọ isi na - akwaga njem nke Arctic terns

Nnụnụ ndị a dị ịtụnanya na-akwaga ebe oge oyi ruo otu ọnwa, ma na oge opupu ihe ubi, ha na-eme otu ụgbọ elu nke ọzọ. N'ihi ya, na ụgbọ elu ha na-anọ ihe ruru ọnwa abụọ n’afọ. N'otu oge, anya ha kpuchie otu afọ dị ihe dịka 70,000 kilomita.

N'agbanyeghị oke ibu dị otú ahụ, trens polars anaghị eme mkpesa banyere ahụike, nkezi afọ ndụ ha bụ afọ 25, nke dị elu karịa nke ọtụtụ nnụnụ ndị ọzọ. Ma ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ, dị ka ndị sayensị si kwuo, nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo afọ iri atọ.

Arctic terns bụ obere nnụnụ, nke ha na-aba site na 35 ruo 45 cm. Ha na-amị mmiri nke ọma ma na-eri nri mmiri dị iche iche, obere azụ, mollusks na larvae, na-echekwa banyere iri mkpụrụ osisi na-akụ ya na tundra n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, tern ndị a bụ ezigbo ndị nwoke na-ekwesi ike n'ezinụlọ ma bụrụ di na nwunye maka ndụ.

Arctic terns nwere njiri mara ọzọ. Ha nwere obi ike nke ukwuu, na mgbe m gbakọtara n’otu, enwere m ike iguzogide mwakpo nke nkịta ọhịa na-atụ egwu na enweghị m egwu mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ewere na ọ bụ ihe ize ndụ nye ha. Ekele umu anumanu ndi ozo bidoro biri nso na akuku arctic na olile anya ngbanahu ndi nwuru a.

Agbanyeghi mgbanwe ebe obibi mgbe niile, enwere ike ịtụle Arctic bụ ebe obibi nnụnụ ndị a, n'ihi na ebe a ka ha mụrụ ụmụ ha, ma ha onwe ha bụbu ndị amụrụ na mpaghara polar north. Ha bi n'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri Arctic, Canada, Alaska, Greenland, Northern Europe na n'ezie, mba anyị nọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Arctic.

Mgbasa Ozi

Ọ bụ ezie na n'ọtụtụ afọ ka nne na nna na - ejide nne na nna na - ejikọ ọnụ, nnụnụ ndị a na-emepụta ụzọ abụọ maka ogologo ndụ.

Kwa afọ, ha na-alaghachi otu ebe a na-eme hape. N'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri na n'etiti ọnụ ọnụ mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ mmiri, polar trens na-aghọ ebe obibi ụmụ amaala buru ibu. N'oge a na-eme akwụkwọ ahụ, nne polar tern na-eme ọmarịcha matinging. Nwanyị na-eso ya, ọ na-efe efe elu. Anụmanụ abụọ ahụ ji nwayọọ fechaa nku ha, wee kporo nku ha obere oge wee kuda. Ememe alụmdi na nwunye ahụ na-aga n'ihu n'ụwa. Nwoke ahụ na-enye onye ọ hụrụ n'anya ọgwụgwọ - azụ, ebe ọ na-eji nganga na-agagharị n'akụkụ nwanyị nku ya na ọdụ ya weliri. Nwanyị nwere azụ nwere ya na - amaba ikuku. Dịka akwu, terns na-eji ntakịrị nghọta n’ime ala.

Nnụnụ na-ekpuchi ahịhịa nwere ahịhịa. Pomụ nwanyị polar tern na-etinye nsen 1-3. Àkwá nnụnụ a nwere agba na-echebe ha, a na-ekpuchi ha na obere ube, ya mere ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ha ghara ịhụ anya n'etiti ájá na obere okwute. Ndi nne na nna tinye ha n'aka. Nwa nkịta na-esochi ụbọchị 20-25.

A na-ahọrọworị ụmụ agba abụọ site na akwu. Ndi nne na nna na enye ha nri ihe dika onwa. N’ichebe akwụ́, ụmụ nnụnụ na-awakpo onye ọ bụla na-amaghị, ọbụna ụmụ aka nke abụọ na-eyi n’akụkụ agbata obi. Osisi na-eto eto na-aghọ nku nwere ụbọchị 20-30.

Ala ebe obibi

A ga-ekpebi ebe obibi nnụnụ dị ukwuu site na aha ya, nnụnụ ndị a na-ebi na ugwu Canada, Alaska, n'akụkụ ụsọ Greenland, na Scandinavian Peninsula, na tundra Russia site na Kola Peninsula ruo Chukotka. Ozugbo mgbụsị akwụkwọ rutere Arctic, anụ ufe ahụ na-efega ruo n'ebe ndịda ruo mgbe o ruru ice Antarctic.

Arctic Tern na-achọ anụ ọ ga-eri. Arctic tern na ichu nta. Arctic Tern. Arctic Tern anọdụwo na-ejide nku ya elu.

Flightsgbọ elu nnụnụ

Osisi polar na-eju anya bụ nke nwere ihu ọma - ọ bụ naanị nnụnụ na-ahụ oge ọkọchị ugboro abụọ n'afọ - na mpaghara ndịda na n'ebe ugwu ugwu. Ndị a gosipụtara ezigbo ndị mmeri na-efe efe - n'oge njem ha na-eme kwa afọ ha na-efega ihe dị ka 80,000 km, yabụ, karịa ụgbọ elu 10 kwa afọ, nnụnụ na-ekpuchi anya dị ka nke na-efe efe na Ọnwa na azụ.

N'ihi akụrụngwa ọgbara ọhụrụ na ijikọ nnụnụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma jisiri ike ịchọpụta ụzọ nnụnụ ndị a dị. Ya mere enwere ike ịchọpụta na ụmụ nnụnụ ndị ahụ na-efe efe na ndịda, na-enweghị ọsọ, na-akwụsị na-akwụsị ogologo oge, dịka ọmụmaatụ na Newfunlandland, nkwụsị ndị dị otú ahụ na-adịgide ruo ụbọchị 30. Nnụnụ niile na-efe efe were ụbọchị iri asaa ruo ụbọchị iri asaa, yabụ, nnụnụ na-agba ọsọ dị ihe dịka kilomita 330 kwa ụbọchị. Nnụnụ arctic n'oge okpomọkụ na-anọkarị n'akụkụ ụsọ Oké Osimiri Weddell.

Terns na-agbapụ na Arctic na mbido etiti Eprel, na-alaghachi ngwa ngwa ma anaghị eme ogologo nkwụsị, yabụ ha nọ n'ụlọ na ụbọchị 36-50, ugbu a ọsọ ọsọ ha dị ihe dị ka 500 km kwa ụbọchị.

Akpụ arctic na nkume. Arctic Tern: foto nke nnụnụ na-efe efe.

Arctic Tern / Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763

Ọdịdị

Nnụnụ mara mma nke nwere ogo dị n'ọdịdị ya yiri nke ọma na mmiri iyi "nwanne" ya. Ogologo anụ ufe ya bụ 35-45 cm, nku ya dị ihe dịka 80-85 cm, ibu nke nnụnụ ahụ sitere na 85 ruo 130 grams.

Ekike nnụnụ ahụ kwekọrọ. N'ime ụmụ nnụnụ toro eto, nnụnụ dị na obi na afọ bụ aja awọ na agba, mgbe ụfọdụ ya na amị pink. N’elu isi “okpu” nku ya mere ezi nma. Uwe nku a na-eme ka nnụnụ nwee nkwado site na ijiji na-acha ọbara ọbara, a na-esekwa elu elu nke nku ya, na nku nke agba nwere agba na nku dị n’elu na na akwa. Akụ ábụ́bụ nke nku ya na-acha uhie uhie nwere ọnụnọ dị warara nke ojii na nsọtụ ya.

Thekwụ nnụnụ ahụ dị obere na-acha uhie uhie. A na-ese onu oji dern ahụ, dị ka ụkwụ, na-acha uhie uhie, n'ụfọdụ n'ime nnụnụ ndị ahụ na Mach ma ọ bụ August, elu nke onu a na-agba ọchịchịrị. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, onu okpo nnụnụ ahụ na-achaji oji, n'oge oyi, ọkpọiso ọ na-achacha aja.

N’ime ndị ntorobịa, ekike dị n’uche nwere ọdụ dị mkpụmkpụ na nku dị nkọ karịa nke nnụnụ okenye. Icksmụ oke Arctic tern na-agbadata yiri ụmụ mmiri nke osimiri, naanị ihe dị iche bụ ọkpọ ojii na-egbu egbu na akpịrị na n'egedege ihu. Ọkpụkpụ nnụnụ ahụ na-acha ọcha n'elu ma dị isi awọ, nwere ọdịdị dị n'okpuru.

Enweghị ụdị mmekọahụ na nnụnụ ndị a adịghị.

Arctic Tern n’elu nkume. Arctic tern dị n'ikpere mmiri na nkume nwere nku dị elu. Arctic Tern na ijiji.

Oriri na-edozi ahụ

Ugbo ahihia n’ulo na-egosi n’oge. N’ime njem n’oge, a na-ejikwa obere azụ, krill, mollusks na crustaceans na-achịkwa obere akpa. Iji jide anụ ufe, nnụnụ ahụ ruru elu nke mita 10-11 ma jiri nlezianya leba anya na mmiri ahụ, ozugbo achọtara “nri”, ụmụ nnụnụ ahụ na-amaba ya, kama ọ bụ naanị omimi. A na-akpọ ụgbọ elu tern dị otú ahụ na-egwu mmiri, ọ bụrụ na ọ nweghị ike ijide anụ ọ dọgbutere, tern na-achụ nta anụ ya ọbụna n'okpuru mmiri.

N'oge a na-elepụ anya, tern na-eri nri na larvae na ụmụ ahụhụ obere mmiri, ahịhịa ala, obere azụ - karịa karịa 50 mm. Mgbe ụfọdụ nri a kụrụ na-apụta na nri - naanị tomato.

Arctic tern nwere azụ dị na ya. Arctic Tern na-eri nri na ụgbọ elu.

Ebee ka akwu Arctic Tern dị?

Maka ịkpa akwụ ha, tern na-ahọrọ mpaghara n'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri nke ebe ugwu oyi, ebe nri ha na-aba ụba mgbe niile. Ọ na-abụkarị ụsọ osimiri Greenland, edere edere Canada, Russia, Alaska na agwaetiti ndị gbara gburugburu. Ọ na-abụkarịkarị, ụfọdụ n'ime ụmụ nnụnụ ndị ahụ nwere ike biri na tundra, na nso ọdọ mmiri na apịtị, na-ata ahụhụ ụmụ ahụhụ na azụ. A hụkwara obere nnụnụ na-efe efe na mgbago ugwu Britain, Ireland.

Nnụnụ na-akacha ebe ndị a na-achị achị, obere oge - na ụzọ abụọ na nkume ma ọ bụ ala nkịtị na mmiri, ha nwekwara ike ịgba akwụ na nkume. Ebe nnụnụ na -eri nnụnụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara inweta ahịhịa (n'ihi ikuku na ebili mmiri na ugwu), yabụ na nne na-ewu ụlọ ha na ala, mgbe ụfọdụ ịhọrọ mpaghara nke ghere oghe ka ndị na-eri anụ ghara ịmata. Ahịhịa ejiri ahịhịa juru n'oké osimiri.

Mgba maka ókèala na-ewerekarị n'ime nnụnụ nnụnụ - n'etiti mmezi, ohere ịchekwa ụmụ ọkụkọ ahụ dị elu karịa na mpụga ya, nke ndị agbụrụ na-eto eto na-ebikarị.

Otu ụzọ polar tern na mbara igwe. Arctic Tern. Arctic tern na nkume nke ahịhịa ajị jupụtara. Arctic tern na ụgbọ elu, azụ azụ.

Ojiji

Arctic terns na-eto n'ụzọ mmekọahụ na afọ 3-4. Otodi, ihe mbu ndi nwuru anwu anwu anwu, nihi enwegh ike nke nne nwa kari inye ha nri.

Polar terns bụ nnụnụ na-alụkarị di na nwunye, na-eke otu ụzọ, ha na-edo onwe ha n'ikwesi ntụkwasị obi, ndụ, n'agbanyeghị nke a, ọtụtụ n'ime afọ a na-ahapụ ha onwe ha.

Kwa afọ, ha na-alaghachi n'otu ebe ha na-ebi. N’egwuregwu mating, nwoke ahụ na-agba egwu nwanyị n’iru nwanyị, mgbe ahụ ha abụọ ahụ na-efe efe, wee gbue n’elu ikuku ma tufuo ọnụ. Mgbe ha malitesịrị, nwoke ahụ na-enye nwanyị ahụ ọgwụ - azụ, ebe ọ nabatara nke nwanyị ahụ wepụrụ.

N'ihe banyere mkpokọta polar, a na-enwekarị site na àkwá 1 ruo 3 nke agba ntụ nke nwere agba a kọwara nke ọma, ụcha nchebe dị otú ahụ na-eme ka a ghara ịhụ akwa dị n'etiti okwute ndị ahụ. Enwere otu masonry kwa afọ. Nne na nna tụgharịrị na-atụgharị ụmụ aka ahụ, na-echebe njigide n'aka onye ọ bụla na-eri anụ, ha na-ebuso anụ ọhịa ọbụla agha, ọbụlagodi na ihe egwu ahụ abụghị nke ha, kama ọ bụ ụlọ ndị agbata obi. Nnụnụ ndị na-ekwo ekwo na-ewe ụbọchị 20-25.

Icksmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ na-agbadata na ndị mụrụ ha. Ha na-eto ngwa ngwa ma ụbọchị iri na anọ gachara mbọ mbụ ịpụ n'ụlọ. N'ime ọnwa mbụ nke ndụ, ndị nne na nna na-ahụ maka nri ha, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ na ka ụbọchị 20-25 gasịrị, ụmụ nnụnụ na-eme nku. Obere umuaka a na-aghazi nke oma site na onodu ojoo, yabụ n’etiti ha ihe kwesiri ntukwasi obi nke pacenti iri asaa na asaa.

Mmanụ polar terns. Arctic Tern na ụmụ ya. Anụmanụ polar na ụgbọ elu na-azụ nwa ọkụkọ. Arctic Tern na-enye nwa ọkụkọ okenye. Afọ iri na ụma tern.

ỌT .T.

A maara Arctic Tern maka njem ọ na - akwagide ruo ogologo oge - ka emechara, nnụnụ ahụ na-abanye na South Ocean na Antarctica. Ahịrị polar na Europe na Siberian na-efe efe n'ụsọ mmiri Eurasia n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, wee gazie n'akụkụ ụsọ Oké Osimiri Atlantic n'akụkụ ndịda. Osisi polar America na-efe efe n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke North na South America.

Mbugharị nnụnụ ndị a gara ọnwa anọ. Na mkpo, tern na-efe efe site na 20,000 ruo 30,000 km. N'oge njem, nnụnụ na-anọ n'akụkụ mmiri ka ị nwee ike ịchọta nri mgbe niile. Migharia, ana agbago na-eme njem kwa afọ n’obodo niile.

G ISN F B F EGO

Arctic Tern na-eri nri ya na azụ na obere crustaceans, yabụ ọ na - enwe ike ịchọta nri n'oge njem ụgbọ elu. N'ịchọ ihe oriri, tern na-efeda mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụ friza ikuku ma fụchie nku ya ọsọ. Mgbe ọ hụrụ ihe ọ dọgbutere, ọ gbadara ngwa ngwa were azụ ya. A na-akpọ ụdị nnuku a maka anụ ọfụma. Ndị ọrụ nyocha ahụ chọpụtara na,, ná nkezi, naanị ụzọ atọ ọ bụla dị otú ahụ na-aga nke ọma. Ọ bụrụ na nke mbụ adaghị nke ọma, tern na-achụ anụ na-eri anụ: nnụnụ ahụ na-abanye na mmiri ruo nwa oge ma jide ya na onu ya.

Arctic terns, dị ka oke osimiri, na-enyocha ebe ndị ọrụ ibe ha na-achụgharị, n'ihi na ebe ndị a, ị nwere ike ịhụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nke obere azụ.

AKTERKỌ EGO NA-AK ,KỌ, INWETA.

• Arctic Tern, akwara na June 1966 na Wales, ka achọtara n'Australia na ngwụsị December nke afọ ahụ. N'ihi ya, ọ fepụrụ kilomita 18,056 - ihe nnabata maka nnụnụ na-efe efe.
• Ọtụtụ mgbe, gulls na-edina n'akụkụ obubu pola. Agbanye na Arctic Tern bụ ntakịrị nnụnụ, ọ na-akpacha anya ma na-eme ihe ike. Ya mere, oke osimiri, na-edozi obodo ya, na-echebe onwe ha n'aka ndi iro.
• Na Greenland, a hụrụla mkpanaka polar, nke a na-ahụ anya n'ebe dị anya ọtụtụ narị kilomita site na Ugwu Ugwu.
• A na-echekwa otu ebe obibi nke polar terns site na “patrol” pụrụ iche. Mgbe ụmụ nnụnụ ndị na-eche nche weliri mkpu, ndị agha niile na-agbago ngwa ngwa gakwuru onye iro ahụ.

NWAANYI EGO POLAR. EGO

Beak: ogologo, rụtụrụ aka. N'oge ọkọchị ọ na-acha ọbara ọbara, na oge ojii.

Masonry: Nwanyi na-eyi akwa 1-3 na akwu. Ha nwere agba na-echebe, na-enweghị ntụpọ.

Mpempe: ubu na elu akuku nke nku ya nwere isi awọ. Nkpuru-ube di ala di obere, okpu ojii n’isi.

Lightgbọ elu: na-aga n'ụzọ dị mfe na mara. N’ịchọ ihe oriri, ọ na-efe efe, na-akụ nku ya mgbe mgbe.

Akụ: nnụnụ ahụ nwere ọdụ a hapụrụ. Nnụnụ ọdụ ọdụ ogologo karịa ogologo nku nku (ha toro ogologo karịa nke eri eri ahụ).

- Ebe a na-eme mkpagharị
- Win Win

EGO EGO TARA N ’POLAR

Arctic tern bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mkpanaka abụọ. Ọ na-akwụ akwụ na mpaghara Arctic na subarctic nke North America, Greenland na Northern Eurasia. Oge ngwụcha ọkọchị na-aga n'ebe ndịda na oge ọkọchị na Antarctica na n'ebe ndịda Africa, South America na Australia.

Ichekwa, nchedo

Polar tern adịghị atụ egwu ikpochapụ, yabụ, ọ dịghị mkpa nchebe pụrụ iche.

Njirimara nke izugbe na njirimara ubi

Krachka nke ọkara, ya na osimiri, nke yiri nnọọ. O nwere ọdụ ọdụ ogologo (na nnọdụ ọdụ ọ na-agbatị karịa nsọtụ nku ya), site na S. h. hirundo, na mgbakwunye, agba na-acha oji karịa nke anụ ahụ, yana site na S. h. logipennis - ya na okuko uhie. Birdsmụ ntorobịa nọ n’ọhịa fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịkọwa. Ọdịdị nke ụgbọ elu ahụ, dịka osimiri tern. Nnụnụ na-efe efe ijiji. Ọ na-efegharị nwayọ na nwayọ n’elu ala; na nnụnụ na-anọdụ ala, obere ibu (dị mkpụmkpụ karịa na akpa mmiri) na-adọta uche.

Olu a yiri ụda olu osimiri iyi, mana ọ dị elu karịa. Mkpu mkpu a na-anụ mkpu karịa nke mmiri iyi, dị ka “kerrr” ma ọ bụ “krrr”. N'oge mkpu a ógbè ahụ, a na-anụ mkpọtụ maka "olu", nke nnụnụ na-efefe na-agafe nsogbu. Mkpu nke tern na-alọghachi na ógbè (Mgbasa ozi sitere na: Cramp, 1985) dị ka “kriyr” ma ọ bụ “pir”, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-abanye na-eme mkpọtụ dịka “kiti-ki-kiyer, kiti-ki-kiyer. "Ma obu" kiti-ki-kiri. ". A na –eme ụdị mkpu a na - eme nwoke na - eri nri nwanyị (nke ikpeazụ, na - arịọ nri, na - abụkarị "pee-pee-pee."), Yana terns n'oge a na - eme ihe ike. N'okwu ikpeazu, mmadụ nwere ike ịnụ mkpọmkpọ nkụ a na-akpọ nkụ (a na-ejikwa ya n'oge cha cha nke ndị na-eri anụ nwere) na ịpị ma ọ bụ na-akụ ụda (maka nkọwa ndị ọzọ hụ: Anzigitova et al., 1980, Cramp, 1985).

Nkọwa

Colorcha nke pọlọ na-acha ka nke osimiri osimiri ahụ, ma okpu ojii na-esite n'akụkụ nke isi obere ntakịrị, ụcha nke akụkụ ahụ dị elu na-achawanye ọcha ma dịkwa obere ashen, ụcha nke akụkụ ahụ dị ala na-esikwa ike karịa nke akpa mmiri, wee bilie na agba na ala cheeks. Featmụ irighiri mmiri dị ogologo nke nwere ụcha ọcha pụrụ iche, nku ọdụ na-achakarị ọcha, naanị ndị dị n'elu bụ isi awọ nke abụọ abụọ dị oke mma, na uwe mpụta nwere agba ojii na-acha oji karịa. Fulaworms nke mbụ, dịka na terns osimiri, mana mpaghara ọcha nke dị n'ime bụ nke sara mbara, n'etiti ya na ogwe nku ya na-anọgide na agba isi awọ naanị 1.5-2.5 mm.Oke ocha n’elu n’elu ya na n’ime mkpụkọ obere ugoloda na-etolite. Okpukpo onu ahụ na-acha ọbara ọbara, mgbe ụfọdụ nwere ọnụ ojii, ụkwụ ya na-acha ọbara ọbara, iris bụ agba aja aja.

Nwoke na nwanyi n’ime ekike oyi. Yiri agba yiri nke anụ mmiri na iyi ndị kwekọrọ, a na-ahụ ha site na agba nke ụmụ nnụnụ na-efe efe na nke sekọndrị (lee n’elu), yana site na obere mmepe nke agba agba na ala ala azụ, ọdụdụ ọdụ na ọdụ ọdụ.

Ekike dị ala. O yiri yiri akwa nke osimiri iyi, jaket ndị dị n'ụdị abụọ a nwere ihe isi ike na enweghị ntụkwasị obi. Toneda ụda agba nke elu ahụ dịgasị iche site na isi awọ ruo tan, ntụpọ gbara ọchịchịrị na sọks na-agbasasị na nzụlite a. Ahu, agba na akpị na-acha aja aja na aja aja gbara ọchịchịrị; agba na-acha ọcha nke ukwuu. Ahụ dị ala na-acha ọcha, na akụkụ na afọ nke nwere akwa isi awọ ma ọ bụ aja aja. Beak, egwurugwu na ukwu ya, dịka olulu mmiri.

Ekike ụlọ. Colorcha nke isi na ahụ dị ka nke osimiri osimiri ahụ, mana azụ na azụ ọdụ dị elu na-acha ọcha. Webs dị n'èzí nke helms na-agba ntụ, nsọtụ na ihe dị n'ime ha na-acha ọcha. Agba nke nku nwere ntakịrị dị iche na nke osimiri osimiri: a warara carpal dị mfe ma dịkwa warara, nku nke abụọ dị larịị karịa nnukwu nku nku (na agba ọchịchịrị karịa ube osimiri), agba ọcha na nsọtụ ha na-etolite, ahịhịa dị n'ime bụ nke nku nku nku ya na obosara karịa. . Okpukpo ahihia ahu nwere oji na acha odo odo ma obu nke odo, site na onwa Septemba na –eme aja ndi ozo kpamkpam, udiri ya bu odo-acha ọbara ọbara, pinkish isi awọ ma obu acha odo odo, egwurugwu bu aja oji.

Akpa oyi. Mgbe molt zuru ezu, ọ dị ka uwe oyi ikpeazụ, ka ọ dị, bandp bandp na-anọ na nku. N'oge opupu ihe ubi na ọkọchị nke afọ kalenda nke abụọ, terns anaghị eyi uwe agbamakwụkwọ, na-echekwa oge oyi. Ndị mmadụ n'otu oge a nwere ike ịpụta na mpaghara ugwu ugwu; ha dị iche na nwu mmiri dị n'otu ụdị ahụ na ụmụ nnụnụ oge oyi, yana n'ụdị nnụnụ na-efegharị mmiri ebupute. N'ime afọ kalenda nke atọ, terns na-eyikwasị akwa, ma ụfọdụ nnụnụ (ihe dịka 11%) ka nwere nnụnụ dị iche iche nke uwe oyi dị gara aga na nku ha, n'egedege ihu, bridle na afọ.

Ructkpụrụ na akụkụ ya

Otutu mmadu (mm) (ZM MSU) na ibu ahu (g) ​​(Bianchi, 1967):

Ogologo aka:
:Mụ nwoke: (n = 44) —257–286 (nkezi 268),
Ndi nwanyi: (n = 20) - 246-276 (nkezi 265).

Beak Ogologo:
:Mụ nwoke: (n = 41) - 26.2-33.8 (nkezi 30.3),
Ndi nwanyi: (n = 20) - 26.7–31.1 (nkezi, 28.8),

Ogologo Ntụtụ:
:Mụ nwoke: (n = 43) −13.7-16.7 (nkezi 15.3),
Ndi nwanyi: (n = 21) - 13.8-16.7 (nkezi 15.1).

Isi uka:
:Mụ nwoke: (n = 56) - 82–135 (nkezi 104),
Ndi nwanyi: (n = 37) - 89–153 (nkezi 107).

Olgbaji

(Cramp, 1985). Dkwa akwa na akwa oyi n’oge mbụ zuru ezu, na-amalite n’oge oge oyi. Agbanyeghị, ịkpụ isi, obere ahụ, azụ na ubu ya nwere ike bido ịgbanwe oge Ọktoba, n'oge njem. N’ọnwa Febụwarị, mkpụkọ obere obere nku ya na ọdụ ọdụ ya ga-akwụsị, mgbanwe nke nku-nku ga-amalite na Disemba - Jenụwarị ma gwụsịa, o doro anya, na Mee. N’ime ụfọdụ nnụnụ, ọ ga - ekwe omume ibugharị ugo ugo buru ibu na - ebido n’oge, dịka n’etiti ndị okenye. Dkwaa na akwa oyi nke abụọ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'otu oge ahụ na ndị okenye. Dkwaa akwa akwa nke abụọ na-amalite mgbe emechara karịa na ndị okenye, wee na-ewere obere akụkụ nke pọmpụ ahụ: nku niile dị na elu, akụkụ nke ábụbụ aka na azụ ya na nke ihu ya na nke afọ adịghị. Ọ bụ ihe na - adịghị ahụkebe na n'otu oge ahụ 1-2 ka enwere ike dochie anya flywheels.

Mpempe akwụkwọ na-esote na-apụta ugboro abụọ n'afọ: prenuptial zuru oke na akụkụ akụkụ ahụ. Mpempe post-nuptial na-amalitekarị n'oge oyi. Amaghị ụbọchị ọ ga-ebido ịmalite - o doro anya na njedebe nke Septemba - mmalite nke Nọvemba. N’ọnwa Jenụwarị, ụmụ nnụnụ ndị ahụ adịlarị n’oge oyi n’oge oyi, ihe nnụnụ bụ isi na - edochi site na mbido February - mbido Machị. Ntugharị ịkwadoro ga-eme na ngwụsị nke February - Mach, ma gwụchaa site na mmalite nke ịkwaga mmiri. A na-eji nku ya, ogwe, ọdụ ya na nke kpuchie nku ya, n'adịghị ka akpa mmiri, mgbanwe nke isi mmiri na nke mpụga anaghị adị.

Kesaa

Lọ ịgba akwụ. Uzo di iche-iche gbara gburu gburu, bu kwa oke Eurasia na North America nke di na Oke osimiri Arctic, agwaetiti na agwara nke North Atlantic na North Pacific. Na Western Europe, a na-edekọ mkpagharị na Iceland, na Jan Mayen Island, Bear Island, Svalbard, n'akụkụ oke nke Great Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, East Germany, Norway, na ndị bi na mpaghara Baltic dum nke Sweden na Finland, yana na ugwu nke mba ndị a - na mmiri dị n'ime mmiri. Enyochala mmezi ezighi ezi na France, Belgium na Poland (Cramp, 1985).

Ọgụ 80. Mpaghara nkesa Tern
1 - Ebe a na-eme mkpọtụ (ahịrị ahịrị na - egosi ókè a na - ekwughi oke), 2 - na - aga ebe a na - eme ebe dị warara na ebe mmadụ niile nọ, 3 - saịtị na - achọ ịchụ ụlọ, 4 - mpaghara ịkwaga, 5 - ebe oge oyi, 6 - ụgbọ elu

Na USSR, a maara ebe obibi dị na steeti Baltic, tumadi n'agwaetiti ọdịda anyanwụ na ebe ugwu Estonia (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970, Aumees, 1972, Renno, 1972, Aumees et al., 1983). N'afọ 1978, a hụrụ nkwụ nke polar tern na nso Riga (Strazds, 1981, Strazds, Strazds, 1982), a na-atụ anya ịpụta na Latvia mgbe afọ 1950s (Viksne, 1983). n’ọnụ Vyborg Bay (Khrabry, 1984), n’ebe ndị ọzọ na mpaghara Leningrad. ugbu a, ọ naghị akwu akwu, n’agbanyeghi na 1940s, a hụrụ ebe mgbago n’akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ladoga (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). N'ebe ugwu nke Arctic tern, ọ na-ebi na Oke Osimiri Barents na White Sea nke Kola Peninsula, gụnyere Islands Ainu, agwaetiti asaa na agwaetiti ndị ọzọ (Uspensky, 1941, Blagosklonov, 1960, Kishchinsky, 1960a, Malyshevsky, 1962, Bianchi, 1967, Kokhanov, Skokova, 1967) oke osimiri Oke Osimiri, gụnyere Islandsvetsky Islands (Spangenberg, Leonovich, 1960, Kartashev, 1963, Korneeva et al., 1984). Edere Nesting na nnukwu ọdọ mmiri ndị dị na Kola Peninsula (Vladimirskaya, 1948), ọ dịghịkwa akwu n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ndịda Karelia (Neufeldt, 1970).

Eserese 81. Mpaghara polar tern na USSR
1 - Ebe a na-eme mkpagharị (ahịrị ahịrị na-egosi ókèala akabeghị aka), 2 - na - agba n’otu ebe dị warara nke dị warara, 3 - ebe dị iche iche, 4 - ebe ọkọlọtọ kwuru, 5 - ụgbọ elu, 6 - ntụgharị nke mbugharị mmiri, 7 - otu Mbugharị ụla mmiri

N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, mpaghara ndịda nke mpaghara ahụ na-apụ n'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri ma ọ bụ karịa ma ọ bụ obere kwekọrọ na ókèala ndịda nke tundra mpaghara, mgbe ụfọdụ na-agbadata n'ọhịa-tundra na ọbụna taiga nke ugwu (Dementiev, 1951, Uspensky, 1960). Akụkụ ala ugwu nke ala mmiri gbatịrị n'akụkụ ụsọ Oké Osimiri Arctic na agwaetiti ndị dị ya nso. Krachki biri na Malozemelskaya na Bolyzezemelskaya tundra (Gladkov, 1951, 1962, Lobanov, 1975, Mineev, 1982), akwu na Yamal dum (Danilov et al., 1984), mgbe ahụ oke ókèala nke mpaghara ahụ na-agafe, o doro anya na gburugburu Arctic Circle, na Yenisei - dị nso na Igarka (Skalon, Sludsky, 1941, Rogacheva et al., 1983). Enwere ihe akaebe nke na-eme ụdị ụdị a ka ukwuu na ndịda - na etiti Ob na mpaghara Surgut yana n'etiti osimiri ahụ. Vakh (Vdovkin, 1941, Sharonov, 1951, ZIN), odi ka ọ bụ nkịta dịpụrụ adịpụ, ebe ọ bụ na edeghị Arctic tern na ndịda Labytnangi na Lower Ob (Danilov, 1965). N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, Arctic tern mụbara Taimyr, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ebe niile n'otu ebe: na ebe ụfọdụ na Peninsula, ọ bụghị ebe a na-elekọta ewu (Krechmar, 1966, Zyryanov, Larin, 1983, Kokorev, 1983, Matyushenkov, 1983, Pavlov et al., 1983, Yakushkin , 1983, Morozov, 1984). Na ala bekee nke Khatanga, o doro anya na ókèala ahụ na-agafe gburugburu 68 Celsius. (Ivanov, 1976).

N’elu osimiri Lena, ókèala nke ndịda nke agị dị na nha nke 68 ° 30 ′ N (Labutin et al., 1981), na Indigirka - ndịda nke 69 Celsius 30 ′ N (Uspensky et al., 1962), na Kolyma - n'etiti 67 ° na 67 ° 30 'N (Buturlin, 1934; Labutin et al., 1981). A hụrụ ebe a na-akpọ Nesting of Arctic terns na Alasea (Vorobev, 1967), na Chaun Bay na na Aion Island (Lebedev, Filin, 1959, Zasypkin, 1981), n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Chukotka (Tomkovich, Sorokin, 1983), na mmiri niile. Kanchalan (Kishchinsky et al., 1983). Akụkụ ndịda nke usoro na-aga n'ihu na-agafe n'etiti osimiri ahụ. Anadyr na mpaghara ugwu ugwu Koryak, na-etolite mpaghara dị warara nke nwere ọmịiko na mmiri osimiri (Kishchinsky, 1980). O doro anya na o bi na Chukotka dum, mana akwụsịrị ebe niile n'ụzọ ebe a (Portenko, 1973). N'ebe ndịda nke ókèala ahụ na-aga n'ihu, a na-ama ọtụtụ ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ dị iche iche: na Parapolsky dol (Dementyev, 1940: Lobkov, 1983), na nsọtụ ala nke osimiri ahụ. Karagi (Lobkov, 19816), na Hek Bay na mpaghara oke osimiri. Gatymynvayam (Firsova, Levada, 1982), na Karaginsky Island (Gerasimov, 1979a), n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kamchatka n'ọnụ mmiri. Tigil (Ostapenko et al., 1977) na obodo. Kirovsky (Lobkov, 1985). Ekwesịrị ịzụta nke dị n'ime akpa mmiri. Penzhins na n'ụsọ mmiri Penzhinskaya Bay (Yakhontov, 1979), yana ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kamchatka na Ust-Bolsheretsky mpaghara (Glushchenko, 1984a).

Arctic terns na-ebi n'agwaetiti dị n'akụkụ mmiri Arctic. A mara Nesting na Franz Josef Land (Gorbunov, 1932, Parovshchikov, 1963, Uspensky, 1972, Tomkovich, 1984), na Novaya Zemlya (opekata mpe na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ ya na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ), Vaigach Island (Belopolsky, 1957) , Uspensky, 1960, Karpovich, Kokhanov, 1967), onweghi ozi a kapịrị ọnụ banyere n ’ụdị nnụnụ a na agwaetiti Kolguev (Dementiev, 1951). N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, edere akwụkwụ na agwaetiti Bolshevik (Bulavintsev, 1984); ọ nweghị ozi a pụrụ ịdabere na ya banyere agwaetiti ndị ọzọ nke Northern Earth (Laktionov, 1946). A na-akpọ Arctic tern nests na agwaetiti Novosibirsk na Wrangel Island (Dementiev, 1951; Rutilevsky, 1958, Portenko, 1973).

Mighaala

Arctic terns nke White na Barents Oké Osimiri, yana o doro anya, ụmụ nnụnụ si na nsọtụ Oké Osimiri Kara, Taimyr (ikekwe site na mpaghara ndị ọzọ ọwụwa anyanwụ) na-efega ọdịda anyanwụ ọdịda, wee gaa n'akụkụ ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Europe na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Africa, na-erute ebe oge oyi na Nọvemba - Disemba. Nnụnụ sitere na ọkara ọdịda anyanwụ nke North America na-efe efe n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ, na-ejikọ na ọdụm West-Pale-Arctic n'akụkụ ụsọ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Europe. Akụkụ akwara Arctic nke dị n'oké Osimiri na Alaska na-efega na ndịda n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke America. Eleghị anya, tern nke mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke USSR na-efe efe n'otu ụzọ ahụ (Cramp, 1985).

Ọmụmụ ihe ndị kachasị agụ maka nnụnụ ndị Osimiri White (Bianchi, 1967). Ọpụpụ nke Arctic terns si Kandalaksha Gulf na-amalite n'etiti iri-abụọ nke July wee kwụsị na mbido - n'etiti August; na ngwụsị afọ 1960, ụmụ nnụnụ nke ndị a gosipụtara ọchịchọ ifepụ na ụbọchị ọzọ - ihe dị ka ụbọchị iri abụọ ka e mesịrị karịa (Bianchi, N'eche, 1972). Site na Ọgọstụ, apịtị na-aga n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, na-efefe Oké Osimiri Baltic na ụsọ oké osimiri Western Europe. Na Septemba, a ka na-edekọ ọtụtụ nnụnụ na Europe, na agbanyeghị, ndị nke tozuru etozu erutelarị n'ụsọ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ mmiri Africa nke ebe okpomọkụ. N’ọnwa Ọktọba - Nọvemba, tern na-aga n’ihu na ndịda n’akụkụ ụsọ ọdịda anyanwụ nke kọntinent Africa wee na Disemba rute n’ebe oyi n’oge mmiri Antarctic. Ntughari ntụgharị amalite, o doro anya, na Machị, na ngwụsị nke afọ iri nke abụọ nke May nnụnụ ndị mbụ na-apụta na Kandalaksha Bay (afọ iri na asaa nke nlele, oge nke nrịpụta nke anụ mbu ndị mbụ dịgasị site na 6 ruo 23.V, nkezi ụbọchị bụ 16.V), yana n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ. , ụmụ nnụnụ n'oge opupu ihe ubi anaghị agagharị Kola Peninsula, kama ha na-efefe Oké Osimiri Baltic, Finland na Mpaghara Leningrad. Mbugharị mmiri na-enweghị isi na-aga n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Ladoga na mbubreyo May na mbido June (Noskov et al., 1981).

Birdsfọdụ ụmụ nnụnụ, ọkachasị ndị na-eto eto, nwere ike isi n'ụzọ ụgbọ elu gbafere, a na-ahụ ha na ogbu mmiri nke ala mmiri. Yabụ, a hụrụ ụmụ nnụnụ nke 27.VIII 1958 na 30.VIII nke 1960 na mpaghara Chelyabinsk, na Western Ukraine (mpaghara Khmelnitsky), a hụkwara ha na Oké Osimiri Ojii (Bianchi, 1967).

N'agwaetiti Ainu (West Murman), nnụnụ ndị mbụ na-apụta na 8-25.V, nkezi afọ 21 18.V (Anzigitova et al., 1980), na agwaetiti asaa (East Murman) - 24–31.V, na nkezi 28 .V (Belopolsky, 1957), n'ọdọ mmiri ndị dị na Lapland Nature Reserve - 21.V –6.VI, na nkezi afọ 11.VV (Vladimirskaya, 1948), na Franz Josef Land - 7-24.VI, na nkezi 18 .VI ma ọ bụ obere oge tupu (Gorbunov, 1932, Parovshchikov, 1963, Tomkovich, 1984). N’ime Malozemelskaya tundra, a na-ahụ trenra polar nke mbụ na 25–31.V., Na Bolshezemelskaya tundra - na 31.V-3.VI (Mineev, 1982), na ndịda Yamal - 28-V - 8.VI, na-abụkarị mbido June (Danilov et et. ., 1984), na West Taimyr na afọ dị iche iche na isi ihe dị iche - site na 3 ruo 21.VI (Krechmar, 1963, 1966), na obere Yenisei nke dị n'ebe ugwu nke Igarka - na afọ iri mbụ nke June (Rogacheva et al., 1983). Datesbọchị ndị edepụtara, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ha dịgasị iche site n'afọ ruo n'afọ dabere na oge opupu ihe ubi, na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya ọganihu nke akwara Arctic na mmiri site na ọdịda anyanwụ ruo ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo Taimyr. N'ụzọ doro anya, tern na-efegharị na East Taimyr, nke na-aga site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, site na Chukchi na Bering Seas, ha na-apụta ebe a na 11-15.VI wee fepụkwa n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na August (Matyushenkov, 1979, 1983). N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Taimyr, trens polar na-apụta n'ebe a na-elekọta ebe mbụ: na Prikolymsk tundra na 27.V, na Alazey na 31.V, na Yano-Indigir tundra na 30.V – 1.VI (Vorobyov, 1963, 1967), na Chaun lowland 1 .VI ( Kondratyev, 1979), na Uelen 31.V, na ngagharị nke obe 1 .VI, na agwaetiti Wrangel - 12.VI (Portenko, 1973). Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na oge nke terns na tundra nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Yakutia dịtụ anya karịa n'ụsọ osimiri Chukotka. Ọ bụrụ na nke a abụghị ihe mberede na-akpata ọkụ na isi iyi mbụ n'oge nlele ahụ, anyị nwere ike were were were bulie mbufe nke ala dị nso na Shelikhov Bay na Penzhinsky Bay. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Kamchatka dị na mpaghara Tigil, etinyere anụrịrị ama ama na ọkara nke abụọ nke May (Ostapenko et al., 1975), na 1972-1973. Nnụnụ ndị si mba ọzọ kwagara na 22-26.V n’elu osimiri. Omolon (Kretschmar et al., 1978).

N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, mkpụrụ osisi polar na-apụ n'anya site na ọtụtụ ebe a na-ewu ewu n'oge Ọgọstị. Achọpụtara oge tupu mmalite ma ọ bụ n'etiti Septemba nanị na ndịda Yamal (Danilov et al., 1984), na Bolshezemelskaya tundra (Mineev, 1982) na Franz Josef Land (Parovshchikov, 1963, Tomkovich, 1984). Banyere ntuziaka nke Mbugharị ụla nke mgbụsị akwụkwọ dị iche iche, ọ nweghị ihe doo anya, anyị nwere ike iche na n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nnụnụ na-akwaga, n'ozuzu ha, n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka oge opupu ihe ubi, mana n'akụkụ nke ọzọ. Otu ìgwè atụrụ ruru 100-350 dị nso na Uelen pụtara n'ime afọ iri nke atọ nke Ọgọst (Tomkovich na Sorokin, 1983).

N'ime oge ọkọchị maka ugwu ugwu, imi afọ na-awagharị na nnukwu ókèala ahụ site na Antarctica gaa na ebe a na-ahụkarị na Arctic. Eleghị anya, otu ihe ahụ bụ njimara nke akụkụ ụmụ nnụnụ dị afọ abụọ (Bianchi, 1967). N'oge njem nke oge opupu ihe ubi, akwara polar na-efekarị n'ìgwè nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, na-erughị obere n'ìgwè nnụnụ 100-150 (Mineev, 1982, Danilov et al., 1984). Ahịhịa atụrụ na anụ ụlọ nke nnụnụ n’oge oyi na-abụkarị nke buru ibu (Cramp, 1985).

Na mgbakwunye na nke a kpọtụrụ aha, edere tern polar polar na mpaghara Pskov (Zarudny, 1910), Czechoslovakia, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Turkey, Algeria, na Cyprus (Cramp, 1985). Oge njem Fram mere Arctic Tern na 27.VII 1895: na 84 ° 32 ′ N (Dementiev, 1951).

Nọmba

Agaghị akọwapụta ọtụtụ mpaghara nke USSR. 25lọ 10-25 dị na Latvia (Strazds, 1981, Strazds, Strazds, 1982), maka otu ọnụọgụ na agwaetiti Birch of the Gulf of Finland (Brave, 1984), na Estonia ihe dị ka puku iri (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970, Renno) , 1972), dịka isi mmalite ndị ọzọ si dị, 12.5 puku ụzọ abụọ (Thomas, 1982, e dere aka na ya: Cramp, 1985). Ọ dịkarịa ala, puku abụọ na iri abụọ na ise (nari abụọ) gbara akwụọ na Osimiri Osimiri White na 1960, yana ihe dị ka puku iri abụọ gbara ụsọ na mmiri Murmansk (Bianchi, 1967). Onu ogugu ndi mmadu n’Ogbe Osimiri Ocha ka agbadatala (Bianchi, Khlyap, 1970, Bianchi, Boyko, 1972) dika odi otu ihe mere na onu ogugu odida anyanwu Murman (Anzigitova et al., 1980). Obere akwara Arctic dị na Franz Josef Land - na 1981 ọ nweghị ihe karịrị iri abụọ na atọ a mụrụla na Graham Bell Island (Tomkovich, 1984), pere mpe n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Taimyr (Matyushenkov, 1983), dị ụsọ na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Chukotka (Tomkovich, Sorokin , 1983) na, n'ozuzu, ole na ole na Chukchi Peninsula na Wrangel Island (Portenko, 1973).

Osisi a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na tundra nke Yakutia (Vorobyov, 1963) na n'ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ: na Chaun Lowland na Ayon Island (Lebedev, Filin, 1959), na Kolyuchinskaya Bay (Krechmar et al., 1978), na mpaghara ala nke . Kanchalan (Kishchinsky et al., 1983). Ọtụtụ narị abụọ ụdị polar terns doro anya na akwu na Karaginsky Island (Gerasimov, 1979a). Na mkpokọta, akwara polar dị ọtụtụ n'ụdị ọdịda anyanwụ, akụkụ mpaghara Atlantic na Palearctic: dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe karịrị narị puku abụọ na nwu na Iceland naanị, na puku abụọ puku abụọ na Norway (Cramp, 1985). Ngụkọta nke ụdị dị na USSR, o doro anya, ọtụtụ narị puku ụdị ozuzu.