Otu n'ime mpaghara kasịnụ nke mmanụ ọkụ na ike dị iche iche bụ ụlọ ọrụ unyi.
Ọbụna n'oge USSR, Russia ghọrọ onye ndu amaara ama na ngalaba nke igwupụta mmanụ na nhazi. N'ebe a, icheku ego na-ewe ihe dịka 1/3 nke ihe ndị dị n’ụwa, gụnyere aja aja, na unyi, na anthracites.
Federationlọ ọrụ Russia dị n'ọkwa isii n'ime ụwa n'ihe banyere ịmịpụta mmiri, 2/3 n'ime ha ka eji emepụta ike na okpomoku, 1/3 - na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, a na-ebuga obere akụkụ na Japan na South Korea. Ná nkezi, a na-egwupụta ihe karịrị narị nde tọn atọ kwa afọ na kọmị Russia.
Nkọwa nke Ubi
Ọ bụrụ n’ilelee maapụ Russia, mgbe ahụ ihe karịrị 90% nke nkwụnye ego dị na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, ọkachasị na Siberia.
Ọ bụrụ na anyị atụnyere olu nke egwe ọka, ọnụ ọgụgụ ya dum, teknuzu na ọnọdụ ala, ihe kachasị dị na ya nwere ike ịkpọ ọdọ mmiri Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk, Tunguska, Pechora na Irkutsk-Cheremkhov.
Kuzbass
Nkwụnye ego Kuznetsk, ma ọ bụghị Kuzbass, bụ nnukwu sọlfọ na Russia, yana nke kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.
Ọ dị na Western Siberia n'ime mmiri miri emi. Akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ala ahụ bụ ala nke mpaghara Kemerovo.
Otu ihe dị mkpa dịpụrụ adịpụ bụ mpaghara ala site na ndị na-eri mmanụ ọkụ - Kamchatka, Sakhalin, mpaghara ndị dị na mba ahụ. Ọ na-emepụta unyi 56% nke kol na ihe dị ka 80% nke icheku ọkụ, ihe ruru nde tọn narị abụọ kwa afọ. Mindị Ngwuputa emeghewo.
Ihe nkwụnye ego gas
A na-egwu sọlfọ kachasị na USA na nkwụnye ego na Kentucky na Pennsylvania, na Illinois na Alabama, na Colorado, Wyoming na Texas. Ọ na-emepụta unyi na lignite, yana anthracite. Ebe nke abụọ na mmịpụta ndị a mineral bụ Russia.
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Nke atọ kasịnụ a na-emepụta coal bụ China. Ebe a na-echekwa ego kacha ukwuu na China dị na Shanxin coal, na Great Plain of China, Datong, Yangtze na ndị ọzọ A na-egwu sọlfọ na Australia - na steeti Queensland na New South Wales, nso obodo Newcastle. India bu ihe ndi n’eme ka ndi anonye na ebe nkwuputa ego di n’ebe ugwu ndida-mba nke mba ahu.
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A na-egwupụta coal na agba aja aja na nkwụnye ego nke Saar na Saxony, Rhine-Westphalia na Brandenburg na Germany kemgbe ihe karịrị afọ 150. Na Ukraine enwere ebe unyi atọ: Dnieper, Donetsk, Lviv-Volynsky. Anthracite, unyi gas na akuku nkpuchi ewedara ebe a. Nnukwu nchekwa ego buru ibu dị na Canada na Uzbekistan, Colombia na Turkey, North Korea na Thailand, Kazakhstan na Poland, Czech Republic na South Africa.
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Bọọlụ Kansk-Achinsk
Ọ na-agbasa n'ụzọ okporo ụzọ Trans-Siberian n'akụkụ ókèala Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kemerovo na Irkutsk Region. 12% nke ihe na-acha nchara nchara na Russia niile bụ maka a, na 2012 ọnụ ahịa ya ruru nde 42.
Dabere na ozi sitere na nyocha ala na 1979, ngụkọta icheku enwere bụ ijeri 638.
O kwesiri iburu n’uche na mmanu nke ime obodo bu nke di nfe kari n’ime ulo ogwugwu a, ebupute ha nke oma ma ejiri ya nye ulo oru ime obodo ume.
Mkpụrụ ego ego na Russia
Otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ihe nchekwa ụwa dị na Russian Federation. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke nkwụnye ego dị na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, na Siberia. Ihe mkpuchi ego Russia kachasị ukwuu bụ ndị a:
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- Kuznetsk - akụkụ dị ukwuu nke bezin dị na mpaghara Kemerovo, ebe a na-egwupụta ihe dị ka 80% nke unyi na 56% nke kol,
- Kansk-Achinsk bezin - a na-egwupụta ala dị pasentị 12% nke aja aja,
- Ngwurugwu Tunguska - nke di na mpaghara Eastern Siberia, anthracites, aja aja na unyi na-egwu egwu,
- Pechora bezin - bara ụba na unwu ala,
- Ọkpụkpụ mmiri Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky - bụ ebe a na-enweta coal maka ụlọ ọrụ Irkutsk.
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Ngwunye ala na ụlọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ezigbo nkwalite taa. Ndị ọkachamara na-ekwu na ụmụ mmadụ na-ata nnukwu icheku ọkụ, yabụ na enwere ihe ize ndụ na enwere ike idobe ụwa niile n'oge na-adịghị anya, mana na mba ụfọdụ enwere ikike ịnweta nke a. Iri ya na-adabere na ngwa, ma oburu n’ịbelata ihe eji egbu egbu, ọ gha ogologo oge.
Ngwurugwu okpu nke Tunguska
Otu nnukwu ọdọ mmiri kachasị na Russia, nwere ókèala Yakutia, Krasnoyarsk Territory na Irkutsk Region.
Ọ bụrụ n’ilelee maapụ anya, ị ga - ahụ na nke a karịrị ọkara Eastern Siberia.
Mcheta ikuku nke mpaghara ahụ dị ihe dịka tonti 2345. N'ebe a dina kol na agba aja aja, obere anthracite.
Ugbu a, ọrụ na beranda adịghị mma (n'ihi nyocha ndị ọrụ n'ọhịa na ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike). A na-egwupụta ihe dị ka nde 35.3 nde n'okpuruala n'ime kọmpụta Tunguska afọ.
Pechora bezin
Ọ dị na mkpọda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Pai-Khoi Ridge, ọ bụ akụkụ nke Nenets Autonomous Okrug na Komi Republic. Ihe nkwụnye ego buru ibu bụ Vorkutinskoye, Vorgashorskoye, Intinskoye.
Ihe nkwụnye ego a bụ nke na-anọchite anya igwe ọkụ nwere oke mma, nke mining na-ebute naanị site na usoro ogbunigwe.
A na-egwu ọla nde tọn 6.6 kwa afọ, nke bụ 4% nke ngụkọta. Ndị ahịa Pechora mmanụ siri ike bụ ụlọ ọrụ nke mpaghara North-Europe nke Russia, ọkachasị Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant.
Belata Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky
Ọ na-agbago na Oke Sayan site na Nizhneudinsk ruo Ọdọ Baikal. E kewajiri ya na ngalaba Pribaikalskaya na Prisayanskaya. Olu mmeputara di 3.4%, uzo emeputa emeghewo. Nkwụnye ego ahụ adịghị anya site n'aka ndị na-eri ego buru ibu, nnyefe ahụ siri ike, yabụ, a na-ejikarị coal na ụlọ ọrụ Irkutsk. Ihe a na-akụ dị ihe dị ka ijeri asaa naịra tọn ụzụ.
Okwu banyere ụlọ ọrụ
Taa, a na-eme Ngwuputa Mịnịstrị na-arụ ọrụ na Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk, Pechora na Irkutsk-Cheremkhov, a na-eme atụmatụ mmepe nke Tunguska. Minzọ a na-egwupụta akụ bụ isi mepere emepe, nhọrọ a bụ n'ihi esighị ike ya na nchekwa maka ndị ọrụ. Mwepu nke usoro a bụ na ogo kol na-ata ahụhụ nke ukwuu.
Isi nsogbu chere na ụzọ dị n'elu bụ ihe isi ike nke ịnyefe mmanụ na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, na njikọ a, ime ka ụgbọ okporo ụzọ Siberian dị mkpa. N'agbanyeghi nke a, ụlọ ọrụ unyi bụ otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị nwee nkwalite akụ na ụba Russia (dịka atụmatụ mbido si kwuo, nkwụnye ego mkpuchi Russia kwesịrị ịbụ ihe karịrị afọ 500).
(1 Fim, nkezi: 3,00 n'ime 5)
Nnukwu nchekwa ego na Russia na ụwa
N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ taa, a na-ejiwanye ụzọ ndị ọzọ ike si arụ ọrụ, mmịpụta coal bụ mpaghara ọrụ n'ezie. Otu n'ime ihe kacha mkpa itinye n'ọrụ ụdị mmanụ a bụ ọrụ nke ike ọkụkụ. Ego icheku ego di na obodo di iche-iche nke uwa, iri-ise n’ime ha na aru oru.
A na-egwu sọlfọ kachasị na USA na nkwụnye ego na Kentucky na Pennsylvania, na Illinois na Alabama, na Colorado, Wyoming na Texas. Ọ na-emepụta unyi na lignite, yana anthracite. Ebe nke abụọ na mmịpụta ndị a mineral bụ Russia.
Nke atọ kasịnụ a na-emepụta coal bụ China. Ebe a na-echekwa ego kacha ukwuu na China dị na Shanxin coal, na Great Plain of China, Datong, Yangtze na ndị ọzọ A na-egwu sọlfọ na Australia - na steeti Queensland na New South Wales, nso obodo Newcastle. India bu ihe ndi n’eme ka ndi anonye na ebe nkwuputa ego di n’ebe ugwu ndida-mba nke mba ahu.
A na-egwupụta coal na agba aja aja na nkwụnye ego nke Saar na Saxony, Rhine-Westphalia na Brandenburg na Germany kemgbe ihe karịrị afọ 150. Na Ukraine enwere ebe unyi atọ: Dnieper, Donetsk, Lviv-Volynsky.
Anthracite, unyi gas na akuku nkpuchi ewedara ebe a. Nnukwu nchekwa ego buru ibu dị na Canada na Uzbekistan, Colombia na Turkey, North Korea na Thailand, Kazakhstan na Poland, Czech Republic na South Africa.
Otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ihe nchekwa ụwa dị na Russian Federation. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke nkwụnye ego dị na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, na Siberia. Ihe mkpuchi ego Russia kachasị ukwuu bụ ndị a:
- Kuznetsk - akụkụ dị ukwuu nke bezin dị na mpaghara Kemerovo, ebe a na-egwupụta ihe dị ka 80% nke unyi na 56% nke kol,
- Kansk-Achinsk bezin - a na-egwupụta ala dị pasentị 12% nke aja aja,
- Ngwurugwu Tunguska - nke di na mpaghara Eastern Siberia, anthracites, aja aja na unyi na-egwu egwu,
- Pechora bezin - bara ụba na unwu ala,
- Ọkpụkpụ mmiri Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky - bụ ebe a na-enweta coal maka ụlọ ọrụ Irkutsk.
Ngwunye ala na ụlọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ezigbo nkwalite taa.
Ndị ọkachamara na-ekwu na ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ na-emefu kol karịrị akarị, yabụ na enwere ihe ize ndụ na a ga-ejikwa ihe ụwa dochie anya n'oge na-adịghị anya, mana na mba ụfọdụ, enwere ebe nchekwa dị egwu. Iri ya na-adabere na ngwa, ma oburu n’ịbelata ihe eji egbu egbu, ọ gha ogologo oge.
Nnukwu nchekwa ego iri kachasị n'ụwa
Russia nwere nkwakọba akụ na ụba na-emesapụ aka, mana ha na-anọkarị n’obodo ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, nke na-agbagha mmepe ha.
Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụghị nkwụnye ego niile ka enwere ike ịnakwere maka ebumnuche ala.
Anyi n’echetara gị ọkwa dị n’elu ala ụwa, na-echekwa n’ime onwe ha akụ buru ibu, ọtụtụ n’ime ha ka ga-anọkwa n’elu ụwa, a naghị ewepụta ya n’elu ala.
Nchịkwa osisi Tunguska, Russia (nke a na-echekwa ahịhịa - 2.299 puku ijeri tọn)
Nchịkọta ụwa nke ekwesighi ịkọwapụta site na nhapụta oke nke icheku bụ nke ala Tunguska nke Russia, nke na-ekpuchi mpaghara karịrị nde kilomita ma na-ekpuchi ókèala mpaghara Irkutsk, Yakutia na Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Ihe mgbochi a na-eche nche anwụ dị puku 2.299 na ụyọkọ unyi na agba aja aja. O rubegola ikwu okwu banyere mmepe zuru oke nke nkwụnye ego, ebe ọ bụ na a ka na-amụtakarị akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mmepụta enwere ike n'ihi ọnọdụ ha na mpaghara siri ike iru.
N’ebe ndị ahụ emegorolarị, a na-egwupụta igwupụta ala site na ụzọ mepere emepe na nke ala.
Ngwunye ọkpọ Kayerkan, Krasnoyarsk Territory
Lensky bein, Russia (puku ijeri tirilia 1,77)
Na Yakutia na mpaghara Krasnoyarsk Territory, ala nke abụọ kachasị na ụwa, Lensky, nwere ebe nwere agbaị agba aja aja na iri isii na atọ. Akụkụ bụ isi nke mkpọlọ ahụ dị na nnukwu osimiri Lena, na mpaghara nke Central Yakut Lowland.
Mpaghara ebe ikpo ahihia ruru 750 puku square kilomita. Dika olulu Tunguska, a gughi akwukwo Lensky nke oma site na erughi mpaghara. A na-egwuputa olulu na olulu na olulu.
N’ebe a na-egwu Sangarsky, mechiri na 1998, afọ abụọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ọkụ gbara, nke na-akatabeghị.
Ghara m "Sangarskaya", Yakutia
Kansas-Achinsk, Russia (ijeri tọn 638)
Ọnọdụ nke atọ na ogo nke nnukwu sọlfọ ndị dị n'ụwa gara n'ọsọ Kansk-Achinsk, nke nwere ihe dị ka tọn tọn 638, gụnyere agba aja aja. Ogologo ogologo ya dị ihe dịka 800 kilomita n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Trans-Siberian.
Ihe mgbochi a dị na mpaghara Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk na Kemerovo. Achọpụtara ihe dị ka akụ iri na atọ na mpaghara ya. Ejiri mara ala nkịtị maka ọnọdụ mmepe maka mmepe.
N'ihi nnochi anya nke ala ahụ, mmepe nke atụmatụ a na - ewere ọnọdụ n'ụzọ ọrụ.
Mmanụ nzuzo Borodinsky, Krasnoyarsk Territory
Illinois Basin, USA (ijeri tọn 365)
Ebe nchekwa gas nke ise kachasị na ụwa bụ mpaghara ala Illinois nwere mpaghara 122 puku square kilomita, nke dị na steeti otu aha, yana n'ókèala mpaghara ndị agbata obi - Kentucky na Indiana.
Ebe nchekwa ikuku dị ruru 365 tọn, nke ijeri tọn ijeri 18 dị maka maka igwu egwu. Ogo omimi ala nke di omimi di na nari 150. Site na naanị abụọ n'ime iteghete itoolu enwere - Harrisburg na Herrin bụ ndị a na-egwupụta mmanụ.
Ihe dị ka otu icheku ọkụ na-aga na mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ ikpo ọkụ na ike, a na-agbanye ogo ndị ọzọ.
Crown III Coal Mine, Illinois, USA
Ruhr bein, Germany (ijeri tọn 287)
Ihe mgbochi German Ruhr a ma ama dị na ala mmiri nke otu aha, nke bụ ụtụ aka nri nke Rhine. Nke a bụ otu n'ime ebe nrụọrụ ndị kachasị mma na-egwu ala, a ma ama kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na atọ. Reslọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ebe enwere na ebe 6.2 puku.
kilogram iri na abụọ, n ’ịdị omimi nke ihe ruru kilomita abụọ, na agbanyeghị, n’ozuzu, eriri ala, ọnụego ya bụ nke dị puku tọn 287, ruru kilomita isii. Ihe dị ka 65% nke nkwụnye ego bụ icheku ọkụ. A na-egwu Ngwuputa Nanị site na Ngwuputa Ala
Oke omimi nke ebe a na-egwu azu bu 940 metres (nke Hugo nkem).
Ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-egwupụta ikuku Auguste Victoria, Marl, Germany
Appalachian bein, USA (ijeri tọn 284)
N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ United States, na steeti Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky na Alabama, ebe a na-egwupụta appala nke Appalachian nwere akụ dị ọkụ ruru tọn ijeri 284. Mpaghara ebe a na-asa ahụ ruru 180 puku.
square kilomita. Enwere ihe dị ka narị narị atọ nke na-egwupụta kol n'ime ụlọ ahụ. N'ime ndị Appalachian, 95% nke ndị na-egwu ala nke mba ahụ gbakọrọ, yana ihe dịka 85% nke awa mmiri. Na ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ na-egwu ala, 78% nke ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ.
A na-eme mmụpụta nke 45% nke unyi n'ụzọ a na-emeghe.
Wepụ ugwu dị elu maka Ngwuputa Alọ Paịlị, West Virginia, USA
Brọda Taimyr, Russia (tọn 217 tọn tọn)
Ihe mkpuchi ụgbọ ala Russia ọzọ abanyela na mpaghara ụwa iri kachasị elu - ala Taimyr, nke dị na mpaghara ala ndị dị larịị nke otu aha ma kpuchie mpaghara 80km square.
Ọdịmma nke seams dị mgbagwoju anya, akụkụ nke ichekwa icheku kwesịrị ekwesị maka ikpu, na ọtụtụ ihe ndozi bụ akara aka. N’agbanyeghi oke mmanu mmanu - ijeri tọn iri asaa na asaa - ka odi ugbua, emebeghi bekee.
Olile anya nke imepe ulo mgbochi a abughi nke nzuzu n'ihi oke ya site na ndi nwere ike ibanye ya.
Ndi kpuchie kol n’elu akuku aka nri nke Osimiri Shrenk, Taimyr Peninsula
Donbass - Ukraine, Russia, DPR na LPR (nde tọn 141)
Na-emechi ọkwa nke nnukwu gas maka Donbass na oke nkwụnye ego ruru nde tọn 141, nke na-ekpuchi ókèala mpaghara Rostov Russia na ọtụtụ mpaghara nke Ukraine.
N'akụkụ ndị Ukraine, akụkụ nke ngalaba nchịkwa na mpaghara ndagide kpuchitere ya, ndị ọchịchị Kiev adịghị achịkwa ya, ebe ịnọ n'okpuru nchịkwa nke ndị Republican na-amaghị - DPR na LPR na mpaghara Donetsk na Lugansk, n'otu n'otu. Mpaghara ebe a na-asa ahụ dị puku kilomita iri isii.
Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ ụdị sọks isi niile. Ekelewo Donbass ogologo oge - site na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19.
Nkem “Obukhovskaya”, g.
Zverevo, Rostov Mpaghara
Ego a dị n’elu adịghị n’ụzọ ọ bụla gosipụtara ọnọdụ dị adị na ihe ngosipụta mmepe nke nkwụnye ego, kama ọ na-egosi ogo nke oke akụ na ụba ụwa na-enweghị n ’ebe maka ọkwa nchoputa na mpụta nke ihe ndị dị n’ime ala n’otu obodo. Onu ogugu ego ha nwetara na steeti niile bu ndi isi n’igwe n’igwe a na-egwuputa mmiri dicha obere karie n’onodu abuo n’otu ala.
Site na eserese dị n'elu o doro anya na enweghị nkwekọrịta ọ bụghị naanị n'etiti ogo nke egosiri na ngụkọta nke mpaghara.
Enweghikwa mmekorita di n'etiti otu nnukwu olulu na ego ekwuru n’onu obodo ha ebe ha no.
Iji maa atụ, n’agbanyeghi eziokwu bụ na Russia nwere ebe anọ kachasị ibu n’ụwa, mba ahụ dị ala n’okpuru ọchịchị US n’ihe metụtara nkwenye doro anya.
Ntucha gosiputara akụnụba nke ndị Russia na - ebubata akụ na ụba, mana ọ bụghị mgbe niile enwere ike ịme mmepe ha. N'aka nke ya, ọnụego nrụpụta na-adabere n'ihe ndị ọzọ. Iji maa atụ, anyị chetara na “Phedra” dere na mbụ na Russia na 2017 ga-eme ka mbupụ ụgbọ ala dịkwuo elu.
A na-eme mkpebi ụdị a na-eburu n'uche ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na-adịghị anya na olu nke ebuka. Anyị na-ekwu maka ịdị mgbagwoju anya nke ọrụ n'ọhịa, teknụzụ eji, ikike akụ na ụba, amụma nke ndị nwe obodo na ọnọdụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ.
Nnukwu icheku na Russia, dị mkpa ọ bụghị naanị maka obodo anyị, kamakwa maka ụwa niile
Otu n'ime mpaghara kasịnụ nke mmanụ ọkụ na ike dị iche iche bụ ụlọ ọrụ unyi.
Ọbụna n'oge USSR, Russia ghọrọ onye ndu amaara ama na ngalaba nke igwupụta mmanụ na nhazi. N'ebe a, icheku ego na-ewe ihe dịka 1/3 nke ihe ndị dị n’ụwa, gụnyere aja aja, na unyi, na anthracites.
Federationlọ ọrụ Russia dị n'ọkwa isii n'ime ụwa n'ihe banyere ịmịpụta mmiri, 2/3 n'ime ha ka eji emepụta ike na okpomoku, 1/3 - na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, a na-ebuga obere akụkụ na Japan na South Korea. Ná nkezi, a na-egwupụta ihe karịrị narị nde tọn atọ kwa afọ na kọmị Russia.
Kol
Kol A na-akpọ okwute akpọrọ, nke etolite n’oge mbibi nke irighiri ahịhịa (ferns osisi, horsetails na grous, yana mgbatị ahụ mbụ).
Emebere ihe ndozi enwere ugbua na Paleozoic, ihe dika nde 300-350 gara aga. A na-egwupụta ọla ala ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ ma bụrụ otu n'ime mineral ndị kachasị mkpa.
A na-eji ya dị ka mmanụ siri ike.
Icheku mejuputara ngwakọta nke akpukpo aru di nma (karie carbon), yana mmiri na ihe ndi n’enweghi nsogbu. Dabere n'ụkpụrụ kol, ọnụego nke ewepụtara n'oge a na-agha ya, yana oke nke ash topụtara, na-agbanwe. Uru nke kol na ego ya dabere na oke a.
Maka nguzo nke mineral o di nkpa ichota onodu ndi a: ihe a gha emebi emebi gha emekota ngwa ngwa karisia ya.
Ọ bụ ya mere e ji mepụta sọlfọ na ụyọkọ peat oge ochie, ebe sọks carbon, na ikuku oxygen adịghị adị. Ihe sitere na mbuputa ahihia bu n’ezie, peat n’onwe ya, nke ejiri ya nwa oge.
A na-emepụta icheku ọkụ ma ọ bụrụ na achọtara ala peat n'okpuru usoro ndị ọzọ. Peat gwakọtara, mmanụ furu efu na mmiri, n'ihi nke a na-emepụta kol.
Kol na-eme mgbe akwa nke peat na-ewere ọnọdụ dị omimi, ọ na-abụkarị ihe karịrị 3 km. Na omimi ka ukwuu, etolite anthracite - ugwu kọọm kacha elu.
Agbanyeghị, nke a apụtaghị na nkwụnye ego niile dị na omimi.
Ka oge na-aga, n'okpuru nduzi nke usoro tectonic nke usoro dị iche iche, ụfọdụ akwa nwere ịrị elu, na-ebute ịbịaru elu elu.
Ingzọ nke ịnweta ala na-egwu mmiri dabere na omimi ebe enwere nkume okwute dị. Ọ bụrụ na unyi dinara n’ebe dị omimi ruru 100 mita, mgbe ahụ a na-arụpụta Ngwuputa n’èzí.
Nke a bụ aha mwepụ nke elu ụwa nke dị n’elu ala, nke mmanụ dị n’elu ya.
Maka olulu sitere na omimi miri emi, a na-eji uzo a na-egwuputa ihe, nke a na-eburu uzo nweta ihe ndi ozo site na imeputa uzo ndi puru iche. Ebe ndị a na-egwu mmiri n'ime mmiri dị omimi na Russia dị n ’ebe dị ihe dị ka mita 1200 site n’elu.
Nnukwu nchekwa ego na Russia
Elginskoye n'ọhịa (Sakha)
Nkwụnye ego a, nke dị na ndịda ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) kilomita 415 n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Neryungri, bụ nkwa kachasị mma maka ịnweta olulu. Mpaghara mpaghara dị 246 km2. Ubi ahụ bụ ogige atụrụ dị nro.
Carboniferous bụ nkwakọba nke Upper Jurassic na Lower Cretaceous. Isi semini dị na serami dị na Neryungri (seams 6 nwere ọkpụrụkpụ ruru 0.7-17 m) na Undyktan (seams 18 nwere ọkpụrụkpụ ruru 0.7-17 m) ụlọ.
Coals ebe a bụ ọkara chara acha nke nwere ọdịnaya dị oke elu nke akụrụngwa kachasị ọnụ - vitrinite (78-98%), ọkara na elu-ash, sọlfọ dị ala, phosphorous dị ala, nke na-emehie nke ọma, yana nnukwu ọnụ ahịa.
N'iji teknụzụ pụrụ iche, enwere ike ịba ọgaranya Elgin, nke ga-eme ka o kwe omume inweta ngwaahịa dị elu nke zutere ụkpụrụ mba ụwa.
A na-agbanye mmiri ndị nwere ike dị n'ime ala site na nkwenye nke ike dị ala, nke dị ezigbo mkpa maka igwu egwu n'olulu.
Gburugburu oke (Tuva)
Odikwa na Republic of Tuva. Ubi a nwere ihe ruru nde tọn iri abụọ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị (ihe dị ka 80%) dị na otu okirikiri nke nwere ọkpụrụkpụ bụ 6.4 m. Mmepe nke ubi a ka na-aga n'ihu ugbu a, yabụ, igwe ọka ebe a kwesịrị iru ike ya gburugburu 2012
A na-akpọ ego buru ibu nke icheku (mpaghara ya bụ puku kilomita puku abụọ). Dị ka ọ dị, nkwụnye ego ndị a dị na ụfọdụ nnukwu tectonic (dịka ọmụmaatụ, deflection).
Agbanyeghị, ọ bụghị ọdịnala ijikọta nkwụnye ego niile dị n'akụkụ ibe ha na ọdọ mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ahụta ha dị ka nkwụnye ego dị iche.
Nke a na - abụkarị dabere na nkwenye akụkọ ihe mere eme (achọpụtara nkwụnye ego n'oge dị iche iche).
Ngwunye minusinsk emi odude ke Minusinsk ndutụhọ ke Republic of Khakassia. Ngwuputa oku n’ebe a bidoro n’afọ 1904. Nnukwu ego buru ibu gụnyere Chernogorskoye na Izykhskoye. Dika ndi okacha amara ndi mmadu si kwuo, uzo icheku n’ebe ahu di puku ijeri 2.7.
N'ime ala, a na-ekpokwa icheku ọkụ nke nwere nnukwu ọkụ ọgbụgba. Coals bụ etiti ash. Ihe kachasị nke ash bụ njirimara maka icheku ọkụ nke nkwụnye ego Izykh, nke kacha nta - maka icheku ọkụ nke nkwụnye ego Beisk.
A na-eme olulu na mmiri dị n’ime ụzọ dị iche iche: e nwere ma olulu na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe.
Ngwakọta anwụ kuznetsk (Kuzbass) - otu n'ime nkwụnye ego igwe kachasị n'ụwa. Kuzbass dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ọdịda anyanwụ Siberia n'ime mmiri dị omimi n'etiti ugwu Kuznetsk Alatau, Mountain Shoria na Salair Ridge.
Nke a bụ ókèala mpaghara Kemerovo. Nkpirisi okwu "Kuzbass" bu aha nke abuo nke mpaghara ahu. Ntinye ego mbụ na mpaghara Kemerovo laghachiri na 1721, na 1842, ọkà mmụta ihe omimi bụ Chikhachev webatara okwu ahụ "Kuznetsk coal base".
A na-ebu ụzọ dị egwu. Enwere ogbunigwe iri ise na asatọ na ngalaba karịrị iri atọ na mmiri ahụ. N'ihe banyere ịdị mma, icheku Kuzbass dị iche iche ma so n'etiti icheku ọkụ kachasị mma.
Ngwurugwu mkpuchi nke Kuznetsk sọlfọ nwere ihe dị ka sekọnd 260 nke nnukwu ọkpụrụkpụ ike, kesaa kpamkpam na ngalaba ahụ. Osisi sọlfọ na-adịkarị site na 1.3 ruo 4.0 m, mana enwerekwa seams siri ike karịa nke 9-15 na ọbụna 20 m, na ebe ụfọdụ ruo 30 m.
Oke omimi nke ihe omumu kariri 500 m (omimi nke ihe dika 200 m). Ogologo ọkpukpo unam a zụlitere bụ 2.1 m, mana seams karịa 6.5 na-akpata ihe ruru 25% nke m na-egwupụta ọla.
Akụkụ ndị bụ isi nke igwu egwu coal na Russia
Ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, mmanụ ọkụ ọkụ abụwo ma ruo taa, otu n'ime ụdị mmanụ ọkụ dị mkpa.
Ala mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke Russia nwere ọtụtụ ijeri tọn iche iche nke iche iche - unyi, unyi na agba aja aja, anthracite, n'ihi nke a ghọtara Russia dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi ụwa na nchekwa mmanụ siri ike.
Mkpokọta akụ na ụba nke ala anyị ruru ihe dị ka ijeri tọn narị abụọ, nke dị na pasent 5.5% nke nkwụnye ego ụwa.
Ebe ndị a na-egwu mmiri ugbu a
A na-ekpebi oke ọrụ ebe a na-enweta unyi na mmanụ ala site na njikwa kol, oke nke ebe nchekwa, ihe ndị bụ isi nke mineral, ikike ọnọdụ mpaghara nke nkwụnye ego na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ. Site na ngụkọta nke ihe niile, ebe ndị bụ isi na-egwupụta coal na Russia na-eduga:
- Ókèala Krasnoyarsk tinyere akụkụ nke Kemerovo na Irkutsk Mpaghara (nkwụnye ego Kansk-Achinsk na Kuznetsk), ihe ruru 70% nke mmanụ mmanụ siri ike na mba ahụ.
- Polar Ural (Pechora bezin),
- Rostov, Lugansk na Donetsk (Donbass),
- South nke mpaghara Irkutsk (bekee Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky),
- Neryungrinsky district nke Yakutia (South Yakutsk bein).
Nkọwapụta nke igwe na-egwupụta coal na iche iche na Russia
A na-ahụta Kuznetsk Basin (Kuzbass) dị ka mpaghara ịnweta ogbunigwe kachasị mkpa na Russia - ọ bụ ihe ruru pasenti 50 nke mmanụ Russia na-emepụta. Ego kachasi nke co-elu di iche-iche, tinyere igwe coking, bu ebe a.
Ihe nkwụnye ego nke Kansk-Achinsky belata na-enye kọlịflawa dị ọnụ ala karịa na mba ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ebu ụzọ na-egwupụta olulu.
Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu maka mpaghara Europe maka igwupụta mmanụ na Russia, nke kachasị ukwuu na ókèala ndị a bụ ala Pechora, nke na-enye ihe ruru 4% nke mmanụ mmanụ siri ike na Russia.
Ọgba mmiri Kuznetsk na Donetsk nwere nnukwu nchekwa nke anthracite - mmanụ ọkụ kachasị mma: n'ihi ọdịnaya carbon ya dị elu, anthracite na-agba ọkụ na-enweghị ire ọkụ, na-eme ka ikpo ọkụ dị elu.
Ngwuputa Anthracite
Colọ Ọrụ Ndịda South nke LLC ọkachamara na mmepụta anthracite na mpaghara ndị na-egwupụta coal na Russia - East Donbass.
Ogologo uko na nnukwu ikike nke anthracite di elu na ulo oru ndi SUE mebere ihe ndabere maka mmepe ulo oru ya na ihe oganihu di elu.
Maka nkwado, biko kpọtụrụ tel. +7 (495) 721 37 40, e-mail: [email protected].
Nkwakọba ịnweta ịnweta - ọdịdị Russia
A na-akpọ kol koko dị ka nkume a na-akpọ sedimentary rock, nke mepụtara site na nrụrụ nke ihe ndị dị na osisi oge ochie (dịka ferns, horsetails na grouse, yana mgbatị ahụ mbụ). Ofkpụrụ usoro na ịkeji nke agba aja aja yiri okwute, mana aja aja abachaghị uru.
Agbanyeghị, enwere ihe ndozi na-acha aja aja na mbara ala, ọ dabakwara na omimi. Ihu aja na agba nwere ihe mejuputara ihe mmanu di egwu na mmanu mmanu n’anu ibu (karisia kar - 78%), yana mmiri na ihe di n’ime ya.
Dabere n'ụkpụrụ kol, ọnụego nke ewepụtara n'oge a na-agha ya, yana oke nke ash topụtara, na-agbanwe.
Naanị ego nkwụnye ego dị na Altai. A na-eme atụmatụ na atụmatụ echekwara na tọn 250 nde. A na-egwupụta ọla ebe a ebe a na-egwupụta olulu.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, agbamgbam na-acha anụnụ anụnụ pụtara na mpekere abụọ nke mepere emepe ruru nde tọn iri asaa na anọ. N’afọ 2006, a ka na-egwu ọla kọpa dị otu puku. Na 2007, mpịpụta mmepụta kwesịrị iru 300 puku tọn, na 2008 - ugbua 500 puku tọn.
Erimeri apịtị dị ọtụtụ narị kilomita n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Kuznetsk na mpaghara nke Krasnoyarsk Territory na akụkụ ụfọdụ na Ógbè Kemerovo na Irkutsk.
Efere Central Siberian a nwere ihe nchekwa dị iche iche nwere unyi na-acha aja aja.
A na-egwupụta Ngwuputa tumadi n'ụzọ mepere emepe (akụkụ a na-emeghe na ebe mmiri dị 45,000 km² - 143 ijeri tọn sọlfọ nwere ikike nke 15 - 70 m.). A na-achọtakwa nchekwa ego.
Ngụkọta nchekwa niile bụ ihe dịka ijeri tọn 638. Ogologo nke arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ sitere na 2 ruo 15 m, ihe kachasị bụ 85 m. Coals guzobere n'oge oge Jurassic.
E kewara mpaghara ahụ ụzọ 10 ụlọ ọrụ na ala ndị mepere emepe, n'ime mpaghara nke ọ bụla mepụtara otu mpaghara:
Dị na Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) na Ter Territory Krasnoyarsk. Akụkụ kachasị na ya dị na Central Yakut Lowland na bekee nke Osimiri Lena na ụtụ ndị agha ya (Aldan na Vilyuya). Mpaghara dị ihe dịka 750,000 km².
Ngụkọta ala nwere ngụkọta nke ịdị omimi nke 600 m - karịa tọn puku ijeri abụọ.
Dabere na ntọala nke ala, a na-ekewa mpaghara ala nwere mpaghara abụọ: nke ọdịda anyanwụ, nke nwere Vilyui syneclise nke ikpo okwu Siberian, na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke a gụnyere na mpaghara ala nke Verkhoyan-Chukotka mpaghara agbachitere.
A na-enweta okpo oku site na obere nkume nkịtị site na Lower Jurassic ruo Paleogene. Ihe merenụ nke nkume okwute na-agbagha site na iji nwayọ na ncheda.
N'ime ebe nchekwa Priverkhoyansk, a na-anakọta ikpo nke nwere ihe ọkụkọ na folda nke mgbagwoju anya; ọkpụrụkpụ ya bụ 1000-2500 m.
Onu ogugu na okpomoku nke Mesozoic seams na akuku di iche-iche di iche iche: n’ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na 1 ruo 10 seams nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 1-20 m, na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo seams 30 nke nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 1-2 m. Ọ bụghị naanị aja aja, kama a na-ahụkwa mkpuchi siri ike.
Icheku aja aja nwere site na mmiri ruo 15 ruo 30%, ihe ndị na-acha uyi bụ 10-25%, ọnụ ahịa kalori bụ 27.2 MJ / kg. Coalzọ kọfị na agba aja aja nwere lenticular na okike; ọkpụrụkpụ dị iche na 1-10 m ruo 30 m.
A na-enweta nkwụnye ego na agba aja aja n'akụkụ n'akụkụ kol. Ya mere, a na-egbukwa ya na nnukwu mmiri ndị a ma ama dị ka Minusinsky ma ọ bụ Kuznetsk.
Ebe a na-egwupụta mmanụ na Russia
Uzo eji ya eme ihe buru ibu. A na-eji icheku ọkụ mepụta ọkụ eletrik, dị ka akụrụngwa akụrụngwa (coke), maka imepụta graphite, iji mepụta mmanụ mmiri site na hydrogenation.
Russia nwere ebe nchekwa koko na ebe mmiri dị.
Efere a na-enweta bu mpaghara (otutu oge kariri puku square iri) nke mmepe nke nkwụnye ego, nke etolite n’okpuru onodu ufodu n’ime oge ufodu. Ihe nkwụnye ego nwere ebe pere mpe ma obu ihe eji eme tectonic iche.
N'ala Russia enwere ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri iyi.
Achọtara ego mkpuchi ego kachasị ukwuu na Western na Eastern Siberia.
Pasent 60% nke ihe ọkụ ọkụ Russia bụ icheku ọkụ humus, gụnyere icheku ọkụ (Karaganda, South Yakutstsky, Kuznetsk bein). A na-achọta icheku aja aja (Ural, Eastern Siberia, Mpaghara nke Moscow).
A na-ekesasịkwa icheku ọkụ gafee ọdọ mmiri 25 na nkwanye ego nke mmadụ 650.
A na-arụpụta olulu mmiri na-emechi emechi ma ọ bụ mepere emepe. A na-eme Ngwuputa emechiri n’ime ogbunigwe, emeghe - n’arụpụta (igbutu).
Ndụ nke ebe a dị ihe dị ka afọ iri ise na ise. A na-ewepụ sọlfọ nke ọ bụla na mgwara ihe dị ka afọ 10, mmepe ya na-esite na mbara ala ọzọ site na nwughari. Idozigharị nke ebe omimi a bu ihe di oke mkpa iji chebe gburugburu ebe obibi ma hụ na nchekwa nke ndị ọrụ.
N'ime oghere olulu e ghere eghe, a na-egwu ọla na ibe ya.
Ruo oge 2010, a na-egwupụta coal na Russia na minit 91 na ogbunigwe 137. Ngụkọta kwa afọ dị nde tọn 380.
Mgbe a na-egwu nsị na mines ma ọ bụ na-emegheghe, ọ na-agara onye ahịa ya ozugbo ma ọ bụ gaa na ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ka ihe na-ewuli elu.
N'ime ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche, a na-ahọpu uyi gas n'ọtụtụ wee mezie ha.
Usoro mmụba a bụ nhicha nke mmanụ sitere na oke ahihia na adịghị ọcha.
Taa, a na-egwupụta coal na Russia tumadi na mpaghara na ala mmiri iri. Ebe a na-enweta kol na coins kasị ukwuu bụ kuznetsk bezin (mpaghara Kemerovo), a na-egwu ọla kọpa na Kansk-Achinsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Eastern Siberia), Anthracites - na Gorlovsky bein na na Donbass.
Kol na ọdọ mmiri ndị a bụ nke kacha mma.
Ọkpụkpọ ebe ndị ọzọ a ma ama na Russia gụnyere Pechora base (nke Arctic), ala Irkutsk-Cheremkhov dị na mpaghara Irkutsk, na South Yakut bein dị na East East.
A na-emepe emepe Taimyr, Lensky na Tunguska na Eastern Siberia, yana nkwụnye ego na Trans-Baikal Territory, Primorye, na Mpaghara Novosibirsk.
Industrylọ ọrụ kachasị ukwuu (na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ na ọnụahịa nke ihe nrụpụta akụrụngwa) nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta coal na Russia.
Industrylọ ọrụ unyi na - ewepụta ihe, na - eme (enriches) coal, coal brown na anthracite.
Etu na ego ole ka emepụtara na Russian Federation
A na-egwuputa mineral a dabere na omimi nke ọnọdụ: emeghe (na ngalaba) na ụzọ dị n'okpuru ala (n'ime ogbunigwe).
N’agbata afọ 2000 na afọ 2015, imepụta ihe dị n’ime ala mụbara site na 90.9 ruo nde 103.7, ihe mepere emepe mụbara site na ihe karịrị 100 nde tọn site na 167.5 ruo nde 269.7. Ọnụ ego fosil dị na mba ahụ n’oge a, site na ụzọ eji emepụta ihe, lee. 1.
Fig. 1: Ngwuputa oku na Russian Federation site na 2000 ruo 2015, nke usoro eji emeputa ya, na nde
Dabere na Fuel na Energy Complex (FEC), etinyere tọn 385 tọn nke mineral ojii na Russia Federation na 2016, nke dị 3.2% karịa afọ gara aga. Nke a na - enyere anyị aka ikwubi banyere ịdị mma nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'oge na - adịbeghị anya yana banyere atụmanya n'agbanyeghị agbanyeghị nsogbu ahụ.
Aredị nke ahịhịa ndị a na-egwupụta ala anyị kewara ekewa n'ime ike na kol maka coking.
Na mkpokọta olu maka oge site na 2010 ruo 2015, òkè nke mmepụta ume mụbara site na 197.4 ruo nde 284.4. Egosipụta olu nke mmepụta ihe ọkụ na Russia na ụdị a ka egosipụtara na fig. 2.
2: Ọdịdị nke na-egwupụta mmanụ na Russian Federation site na ụdị maka oge 2010-2015, na nde tọn
Ego ole ojii na-eme na mba ahụ, oleekwa ebe a na-egwu ya?
Dabere na Rosstat, Russia Federation (157 ijeri)
t.) na-ewere ọnọdụ nke abụọ na United States (ijeri 237.3 ijeri t) na ụwa na nchekwa gas. Ihe ndekọ Russian dị ihe dị ka 18% nke ihe niile dị n'ụwa. Lee ọgụgụ 3.
Fig. 3: Ihe ndozi nke uwa site na mba ndi isi
Ozi sitere na Federal Statistics Service for 2010-2015 na-egosi na emepụtara na mba ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na 25 nke Federation na mpaghara 7 gọọmentị etiti.
Coallọ ọrụ ebe a na-arụ ụlọ ọrụ 192. Otu n'ime ha bụ m nke 71, na minit 121 mepere emepe. Ikike ha nwere n’iru ha ruru nde 408. A na-egwupụta ihe karịrị 80% nke ya na Siberia. Ngosiputa ahihia na Russia site na mpaghara ka egosiri na tebụlụ nke 1.
Siberian Federal District (Kemerovo Mpaghara, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Trans-Baikal Territory) | 83,60%, | 83,90% | 83,80% | 84,50% | 84,50% | 83,50% |
Mpaghara Ugwu Ọwụwa Anyanwụ (Yakutia) | 9,90% | 9,60% | 9,90% | 9,40% | 9,50% | 10,80% |
Mpaghara Ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Federal District (Komi Republic) | 4,20% | 4,00% | 3,80% | 4,00% | 3,70% | 3,90% |
Mpaghara ndị ọzọ | 2,30% | 2,50% | 2,50% | 2,10% | 2,30% | 2,80% |
N’afọ 2016, puku mmadụ iri abụọ na asaa, narị asaa, puku anọ
a gwara m na mpaghara Kemerovo (obodo ndị ahụ nwere otu ụlọ ọrụ ka a na-akpọ monotowns), nke ihe dị ka puku tọn iri puku abụọ na puku asaa gara na mbupụ.
Kuzbass nwere ihe dị ka 60% nke mmepụta ụlọ, ọ dị ihe dị ka mines iri abụọ na ihe mepere emepe.
Na mbido February 2017, ngalaba ọhụrụ malitere na mpaghara Kemerovo - Trudarmeysky South nke nwere ikike imebe ihe ruru puku abụọ na narị ise.
N’afọ 2017, a na-eme atụmatụ iwepụta 1,500 puku tọn fosil n’olulu a na-emeghe, ma dịka amụma si kwuo, a ga-ewepụta ikike ikike ahụ n’afọ 2018. Ọzọkwa, n’afọ 2017, a na-eme atụmatụ ịmalite ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ na Kuzbass
Mbubata mbupụ
Federationlọ Russia bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ebubata mmanụ ala atọ na Australia mgbe ha mechara (mbupụ nde 390
tọn) na Indonesia (nde 330 tọn) na 2015. E kee oke Russia na 2015 - ebugharị nde tọn 156 nke mineral ojii. Ihe ngosi a maka obodo toro site na nde tọn iri anọ na afọ ise. Na mgbakwunye na Russian Federation, Australia na Indonesia, mba isii na-eduga gụnyere United States America, Colombia na South Africa.
Egosiputara uzo esi ebuputa ihe n’uwa n’ Fig. 5.
Fig. 5: Ọdịdị nke ebupụ ụwa (mba kacha bupu mba).
Ngalaba Central Dispatch nke mmanụ na ikike dị iche iche na-akọ na n’afọ 2016, ọnụ ọgụgụ mbupụ nke mba ahụ na-ebubata rịrị elu, ebe mbubata belata belata.
A kọwapụtara data banyere mbupụ na mbubata na 2016 na tebụl 2.
Bubata | 20,46 | -10,6% |
Mbupụ | +9% |
Onye isi nke ozi ihe omuma na nyocha nke ngalaba ulo oru mbo na peat nke Ministry of Energy nke mba V.
Grishin na-ebu amụma ịrị elu na mbupụ site na 6% na 2017, olu ya nwere ike iru nde tọn 175, ya bụ, na-eto site na nde 10 nde.
Kedu ụlọ ọrụ kacha emepụta
Companieslọ ọrụ mmanụ kachasị ukwuu na Russia ka ama ama, na ụlọ ọrụ kachasị na-emepụta sọks na mba ahụ na 2016 bụ: SUEK OJSC (105.47), Kuzbassrazrezugol (44.5), SDS-coal (28.6) ), Vostsibugol (13.1), South Kuzbass (9), Yuzhkuzbassugol (11.2), Yakutugol (9.9), Raspadskaya OJSC (10.5), na brackets ọ na-egosi Ole kol a na-emepụta n'ime ọtụtụ nde tọn, lee
Fig. 6. Ndị kachasị emepụta ihe na Russian Federation na 2016, na nde
Companieslọ ọrụ ndị OJSC SUEK, Kuzbassrazrezugol na SDS-Ugol abụwo ndị isi na mmepụta na afọ ndị gara aga.
A na-egosiputa ndị nrụpụta kachasị maka 2014-2015 na fig.
7. N'ime ha, na mgbakwunye na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ dị n'elu, enwere ụlọ ọrụ nhazi: ụlọ ọrụ Kuzbass mmanụ ụgbọala, jide Sibuglement, Vostsibugol, mkpuchi Russia, EVRAZ (ọ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo kachasị ukwuu na mba ahụ), Mechel Mining, SDS-kol.
7. Ndị kachasị emepụta ihe na Russian Federation maka 2014-2015, na nde tọn
N’ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2016, ndị otu Evgeny Kosmin nke ngalaba Nke 1 nke ogbunigwe a kpọrọ V.D.
Yalevsky JSC "SUEK-Kuzbass" debere ndekọ mmepụta ihe ọhụrụ nke Russia maka afọ site n'otu ihu - puku 4,810.
Nchikota na Mmechi
- Ngwakọta mkpuchi coal nke Russia na-emepe emepe.
- Mbupụ ụgbọ ala agbadala ntakịrị karịa n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ebe mbupụ na nrụpụta amụbaala.
- Site na mbupụ, Russian Federation bụ otu n'ime mba atọ na-eduga mgbe Australia na Indonesia gasịrị.
- N’afọ na-abịanụ, a na-eme atụmatụ imepe ụlọ ọrụ egwupụta ihe ọhụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi.
- Ndị isi atọ ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ dị na mpaghara Siberian, nke nwere ihe karịrị 80% nke ngụkọta mba ahụ.
Lyudmila Poberezhny, 2017-03-29
Kolulu mmiri nke Russia
Ọrụ dị na ala ebe a na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara na-arụ ọrụ dabere na ogo nke icheku, nha nke ndo, nka na ụzụ na akụ na ụba nke mmepụta, ogo nkwadebe maka arụmọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, oke mmepụta, yana njiri nke ụgbọ njem na ọnọdụ ala.
Ngụkọta nke ọnọdụ ndị a apụtaghị okwute nke etiti - Kuznetsk na Kansk-Achinsk, ndị ọnụ na-ekwu maka 70% nke ihe igwe na Russia, yana Pechora, Donetsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhov na South Yakut.
Ihe kachasị mkpa na-emepụta unyi na Russia bụ Kuznetsk Coal Basin.
Ọdọ mmiri Kuznetsk
A na-eme atụmatụ ichekwa kuzbass A + B + C1 ụdị gas na 57 ijeri, nke bụ 58.8% nke unyi Russia.
N'otu oge ahụ, ichekwa icheku ọkụ nwere tọn ruru ijeri tọn iri ato na nde, ma ọ bụ 73% nke ụsọ obodo niile.
Na Kuzbass, ọ fọrọ obere ka ọ bụrụ na ihe niile dị na kọpịat. Subsoil nke Kuzbass bara ụba na mineral ndị ọzọ, dị ka manganese, iron, phosphorite, nepheline ores, shale oil, na mineral ndị ọzọ.
Icheku ọkụ Kuznetsk dị oke mma: ọdịnaya ash nke 8-22%, sọlfọ nke 0.3-0.6%, okpomọkụ nke ikpokọbara - 6000 - 8500 kcal / kg.
Ogologo omimi nke igwu ala n'okpuruala ruru 315m. A na-eri ihe dị ka 40% nke mmanụ ala na mpaghara Kemerovo n'onwe ya ma na-ebuga 60% na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke Russia ma bupụ ya.
Kuzbass nwere ihe karịrị 70% nke anụ ahụ ya na nhazi nke mbupụ ụgbọ ala na Russia. N'ebe a ka unyi di elu, tinyere ikpu oku.
A na-eme ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 12% nke mmepụta.
Mpaghara Belovsky bụ otu n'ime mpaghara ciment kacha ochie na Kuzbass.
Idokwa mba ndị na-egwupụta akụ na ụba
N’isiokwu a, anyị ga-amata ndepụta nke mba ndị na-edu ndú na Ngwupụta Mgba. Na mgbakwunye, anyị na-atụle ụzọ dị iche iche nke usoro a na nsogbu ndị dị ugbu a na ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta coal, yana ịchọpụta ebe a na-egwupụta coal na Russia.
Njirimara nke igwuputa ihe n’usa
Coal bụ mineral, nke bụ otu n’ime ihe ndị anyị nwere mmanụ ọkụ n’ụwa anyị. A kpụrụ ya na eriri ala nke ụwa n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ogologo oge mkpokoro nke osisi na microorganisms chịkọbara na-enweghị oxygen. Enwere ugbua otutu nhọrọ maka iwepu ite a.
Ebe a na-egwupụta coal na mbụ mere na mmalite narị afọ nke 18. Ka otu narị afọ gasịchara, emechara ụlọ ọrụ mbuze nke mmepe ya.
Ruo ogologo oge, ndị na-egwu ala na-ewepụta kol site na ọrịrị nke ụwa site n'enyemaka nke shọvel nkịtị, ha jikwa pikaxes arụ ọrụ. N’ọdị n’ihu, a ga-eji igwe hammers dochie ihe dị mfe.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eji ngwa ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ eme ihe n’ebe a na-egwupụta ogbunigwe, nke na-enye ohere igwu ala n’ime oke ọsọ na mma.
Ihe mkpuchi ego
Zọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka iwakpo coal bụ:
Zọ kachasị dị ọnụ ala nke na-egwute kol bụ olulu ghere oghe. Usoro a bụ nke kachasị mfe, dị ọnụ ala ma dịkwa nchebe. Nnukwu ihe ndị e gwupụtara na-ebipụ elu nke ụwa, nke na-egbochi ịnweta nkwụnye ego. Mgbe ahụ a na-ewepụta icheku n’ígwé ma tinye ya n’ụgbọ ndị pụrụ iche.
Ngwuputa ihe ngosi
N ’ala (m). N’adịghị ka nke mbụ, usoro a na-ewe oge karịa ma dịkwa njọ. A ga-eji ụzọ maka ime ala n'okpuru ala n'ihi na enwere ọtụtụ ebe nchekwa dị n'okpuruala. Maka Ngwuputa, a na-egwupụta ọtụtụ ndị na-egwupụta ihe na-esi na kọmpụta na-agbapụta.
Ngwunye na-egwu mmiri na mines
A na-ejikarị usoro hydraulic, nke sitere na eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-enye mmiri iyi n'okpuru nrụgide dị elu, nke na-agbaji mmiri mmiri ma na-enweta ya site na ọkpọkọ pụrụ iche na ụlọ ahịa mmepụta.
Idokwa mba ndị na-egwupụta akụ na ụba
Onye ndu ndi aghaghi anabataghi bu China. A na-egwupụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke ihe nchekwa ọkụ ụwa na mba a, na-enwe ọnụego kwa afọ nke ihe dị ka nde tọn nde 3,700. Mba ndị ọzọ na-akwado China kpamkpam.
Ikike iche-iche n’uche n’ụwa ma nwee ihe ngosi ndia:
- China - 3,700 nde
- USA - narị nde tọn 900,
- India - nde 600 nde,
- Australia - nde tọn 480,
- Indonesia - nde 420 nde.
Russia abụghị otu n'ime ndị isi ise ahụ ma nọ n'ọnọdụ nke 6 na ngosipụta nke nde tọn 350 nde kwa afọ. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, mgbe o nwusịrị ntakịrị, na-abịa South Africa, emesia Germany na Poland, na Kazakhstan, yana Ukraine na Turkey, mechiri ụzọ iri kachasị.
Mmanụ ala n'ụwa, nde tọn
Kedu mba Europe nwere nnukwu ihe nchekwa ọkụ?
Na Europe, a na-egwupụta akụ na ụba ka ukwuu na Germany na Poland. Ngụkọta nke igwe na-egwupụta mmanụ na European Union bụ naanị ihe ruru nde 500 nde kwa afọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ akụrụngwa zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ nde 9,000. Ná nkezi, onye ọ bụla bi na mbara ala ahụ nwere kilogram 1000 nke afọ kwa afọ.
Ọnụ ego a, nke ndị isi obodo na-eweta na ntinye mmanụ, zuru oke iji nye ike na mmanụ zuru ụwa niile, ebe ọ bụ na ọnụ na mmanụ, a na-ewepụta ezigbo ego nke ga-egbo mkpa ọha mmadụ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ihe a na-elekwasị anya bụ ka ọ dịkwuo mma n'ihe gbasara mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na ebe nchekwa dị mma ka ọ ghara imerụ gburugburu ahụ.
Ngwuputa oku na Russia
Ngwuputa oku na Russia, nde tọn
Ala anyị bara ụba na mineral ma na-ewepụta ha abụọ maka mkpa nke anyị na mbupụ mba ndị ọzọ. Russia bụ otu n'ime mba iri kachasị elu na-abụ ndị isi na mmepụta mmanụ na kwa afọ ọ na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn 350. Site na oghere nke mineral a, ala anyị nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ, nke abụọ bụ naanị United States.
A na-egwupụta pesenti 70% site na igwu ala. Dịka anyị kwurula, ọ ka dị mma ma belata obere oge. Mana enwere otu ihe ndọghachi azụ, nke bụ nnukwu mmebi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ebe a na-egwupụta akụ na-emeghe, a na-egwu olulu miri emi, a na-emebi ikwesi ntụkwasị obi nke ụwa, oke okwute daa.
Nke ato n’ime ha bụ ogbunigwe n’okpuru ala n’okpuru ala. Methodzọ a chọrọ ọ bụghị naanị ụgwọ anụ ahụ dị elu site n'aka ndị na-egwu ọla, kamakwa ọgbara ọhụrụ, teknụzụ dị elu. Ọ dị mma ịmara na ọkara nke akụrụngwa niile na ihe ndozi ha bụ ihe agafela oge na mkpa nke mmezi.
Mkpụrụ ego ego na Russia
Thelọ ọrụ ndị a bụ ndị isi na Ngwuputa igwe:
- Ógbè Krasnoyarsk, akụkụ Irkutsk na Mpaghara Kemerovo,
- Ural
- Mpaghara Rostov,
- Mpaghara Irkutsk
- Yakutia.
A na-ahụta ebe bụ isi maka ịnweta Ngwuputa bụ Kuzbass. A na-egwupụta ihe karịrị ọkara nke mkpokọta coal na Russia n'ebe ahụ. Nnukwu nkwụnye ego na icheku igwe na-etinye uche na mpaghara a.
Mmechi
A na-egwu ọla nde tọn kwa afọ n'ụwa. Mba ndị ahụ nọ na ndepụta nke ndepụta ahụ ma na-ebute mba ndị nwere usoro ichekwa ichekwa ọkụ, ọ bụghị naanị iji mineral maka mkpa ha, kamakwa na-ebuga mba ndị ọzọ n'ọrụ, si otú ahụ kwalite ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ha ma nweta uru ọtụtụ ijeri dollar.
Nwepu nke kol bu ihe ndi gha aru oru ma sie ike nke choro ihe omuma banyere ya.
Maka nke a, achọrọ ngwa ọrụ pụrụ iche na akụrụngwa ọgbara ọhụrụ, nke nwere ike belata oge iji wepụta ihe ndị dị n’ime ala na ịba ụba icheku.
Mba dị iche iche na-eji ụzọ dị iche iche esi egwupụta mmanụ. Mmadu na-ahọrọ usoro nchebe karie, ịchụ-aja ọsọ, ebe ndị ọzọ dabere na olu ewepụtara.
Mba ndị a na - egwupụta akụ na kọmpụta n’afọ 2017 agbanwebeghị. Ntụle a agbanwebeghị kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. China nwere ọkwa mbu, ala anyị nọkwa ebe nke isii, mana obodo anyị nọ na mba atọ izizi maka ndoputa. Russia na-ebunye koko n'ọtụtụ mba, na-enye ha mmanụ dị mkpa.
Na alaeze Russia
Peter nke mbụ matara maka unyi na 1696, na-alaghachi site na mkpọsa Azov mbụ na mpaghara nke obodo Shakhty dị ugbu a (tupu mgbanwe Aleksandrovsk-Grushevsk). Mgbe a na-ezu ike n’akụkụ mmiri Kalmius, e gosiri eze otu mpempe ojii, na-ere ọkụ.
Ngwuputa nri nke ala, Grigory Kapustin onye isi ala na 1721 choputara kol nso ulo ikpe nke Seversky Donets - Osimiri K Washuchey wee gosiputa na o kwesiri ekwesi ya maka iji oji na icho. Na Disemba 1722, Peter zitere m Kapustin na iwu edebanyere aha maka ịhe ndị na - eme unyi, ma edekwaziri ngwa ngwa ihe eji eme njem maka ịgagharị na icheku ala.
Na 1722, thelọ Akwụkwọ Berg kpọrọ V. I. Gennin, onye na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ Ural na Siberian, "ịgbalị ịchọta unyi n'otu ụzọ ahụ na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Europe ka icheku ọkụ ndị a wee nyere aka".
Otu nke S. Kostylev na 1720-1721 mere nyocha maka ihe banyere mineral n’ebe ugwu nke Altai. N’ọnwa Febụwarị 1722, M.Volkov rịọrọ arịrịọ maka ụdị ọla, nke ọ hụrụ na Tomsk Uyezd, na icheku ọ chọtara n ’ugwu a gbara ọkụ” kilomita asaa site n’ụlọ mkpọrọ Verkhotomsky dị na mpaghara obodo Kemerovo nke oge a.
Guzobe ulo oru unyi na Russia bidoro na nkeji iri-na-asaa nke narị afọ nke iri na itolu, mgbe ebula ebula emepere emepe.
Icheku ego na Russia
Na Russia, 5.5% nke ihe gas na-echekwa ụwa bụ nke etinyere, nke ruru ihe ruru nde tọn 200. Ihe ọdịiche a na ọnụọgụ nke gas na-egosi na 2006 bụ n'ihi eziokwu na ọtụtụ n'ime ya adabaghị maka mmepe, ebe ọ dị na Siberia na mpaghara permafrost. 70% dara na nchekwa aja.
Nnukwu nkwanye ego buru ibu
Nkwụnye ego Elga na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), kilomita 415 n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Neryungri. Nke Mechel OAO. Ihe kachasị dị mma maka mmepe mmepe.
Mpaghara nkwụnye ego ahụ dị 246 km², ọ bụ mpempe asymmetric brachisynclinal dị nro. Isi Ngwurugwu agbụ na-adị na sedimenti nke Neryungri (seams 6 nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 0.7-17 m) na Undyktan (seams 18 nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 0.7-17 m) ụlọ. A na-etinye ọtụtụ akụ ndị dị na kọlụm na ọkwa anọ y4, y5, h15, h16 na-abụkarị nke arụmọrụ siri ike. A na-ejikọ icheku ọkụ dị ka obere lenticular lenticular-nke nwere ọdịnaya dị oke elu nke akụrụngwa kachasị ọnụ - vitrinite (78-98%). Site na ogo nke metamorphism, icheku ọkụ bụ ọkwa III (abụba). Coal ọkwa Ж, ìgwè 2Ж. Coals bụ ọkara na elu-ash (15-24%), sọlfọ dị ala (0.2%), phosphorus dị ala (0.01%), emehie nke ọma (Y = 28-37 mm), nke nwere oke calo kara (28 MJ / n'arọ).
Enwere ike ime ka akụ jupụta na Elgin ka ọ bụrụ ọkwa ụwa kachasị elu ma mepụta ichekwa ọkụ na mbupụ. A na-anọchi anya ala ahụ site na seams na-enweghị omimi nke nwere nkwakọba nke obere ọkpụrụkpụ (ihe karịrị oke nke ihe dịka 3 m³ kwa ton nke raw), nke bara ezigbo uru maka igwu egwu n'olulu ghere oghe.
Ihe nkwụnye ego Elegestskoye (Tyva) nwere ihe ruru 1 ijeri tọn ụkọ ụkọ ụkọ “C” (a na-eme atụmatụ ngụkọta nke ijeri ton 20). 80% nke ihe ndị ahụ dị na otu larịị na nke nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 6.4 m (ndị kacha mma nke Kuzbass na-arụ ọrụ na ọkpụrụkpụ nke ọkpụrụkpụ nke 2-3 m, na Vorkuta coal na-mined site na larịị karịa 1 m). Mgbe o mechara ogo ikike ya n’afọ 2012, a na-atụ anya na Elegest ga-amịpụta nde tọn nde iri n’otu n’afọ.
Akwụkwọ ikike maka mmepe nke Elegest kol bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Yenisei, nke bụ akụkụ nke United Industrial Corporation (OPK). N’abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n’ọnwa Mach afọ 2007, Kọmitii Gọọmentị Gọọmentị Maka Investlọ Ọrụ Mgbakwụnye nke Russian Federation kwadoro mmejuputa atumatu maka owuwu ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ụzọ Kyzyl-Kuragino na njikọ nke mmepe akụ nke Republic of Tuva.