Mazda kwuru banyere ịkwado ọtụtụ oru nyocha nke na-emepụta biofuels algae na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ. N’ọ n’ihu, a na-eme atụmatụ ịmalite ntọhapụ ya nke buru ibu.
Ndi oru Hiroshima na Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Tokyo na-arụ ọrụ iji wee mepụta mmanụ ọkụ maka ihe ọkụ n'ime. N'oge a na-ere ọkụ, mmanụ na - ebute naanị ikuku carbon dioxide nke algae na - ewebu site na ikuku site n'oge uto. N'ihi nke a, mmanụ ahụ nọpụrụ iche n'ụdị mmụba ndị na-emerụ ahụ.
Na mgbakwunye na omume gburugburu ebe obibi, n'etiti uru ụdị mmanụ ọhụrụ, akọwapụtara na algae adịghị akọwapụta, nke nwere ike itolite na mpaghara adịghị mma maka ụdị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ. Mmiri dị ọhụrụ achọghị maka ịgba ha mmiri. Mmanụ mmanụ dabere na ha bụ ihe adịghị emebi emebi ma enweghị mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na nwudosịa ya.
Isi nsogbu nke biofuel ọhụrụ sitere na algae bụ ụgwọ dị elu nke nrụpụta ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmanụ gas na mmanụ dizel. Ọ bụrụ na enwere ike idozi ya, mgbe ahụ Mazda na-ezube iji mmanụ ọhụrụ na pasent 95 nke ụgbọala tupu 2030. Nke a ga - eme ka ị nọgide na - eji ụgbọ mmiri emeputa ICE ruo mgbe ọbụlagodi afọ 2040.
Site na akwukwo nri biofuels
A na-ekewa ihe ọkụkụ n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ.
Ngwaọrụ dị ụkọ mbụ ọgbọ bụ ihe ọkụkụ nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya nke abụba, stachi, shuga. A na-edozi abụba akwụkwọ nri n'ime biodiesel, a na-agbanwekwa starches na sugars ka ethanol. N'iburu n'uche mgbanwe ndị a na-ahụkarị maka ala, ngwaọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ na-emebi mbibi ihu igwe karịa ihe ndị a ga-ezere site na ịgaghị mmanụ ọkụ. Na mgbakwunye, iwepu ya n’ahịa na-emetụta ọnụahịa nri. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a na-emepụta biofuels njem ọgbara ọhụrụ site na akụrụngwa nke ọgbọ mbụ, iji ihe eji eme ihe na nke abụọ bụ na mmalite nke azụmahịa ma ọ bụ na nyocha.
A na-akpọ ihe ndị na-abụghị nri nke ahịhịa, akọ na ahịhịa ọgbọ nke abụọ akụrụngwa. Inweta ya dị ọnụ ala karịa nke mbụ nke kụrụ ihe ọkụkụ nke mbụ. Ngwa ndị dị otú ahụ nwere cellulose na lignin. A ga-agba ya ọkụ (dị ka e jiri ya mee osisi), gbaa ya ọkụ (na-anata ikuku na-ere ọkụ), ma kee ya eke. Ihe ọghọm dị na ọgbọ nke abụọ nke akụrụngwa bụ akụrụngwa ala nwere obere alaghachi na mpaghara ọ bụla.
Ọgbọ nke atọ ngwaọrụ - algae. Ha anaghị achọ akụrụngwa nke ala, ha nwere ike ịnwe nnukwu mkpokọta nke biomass na nnukwu ọmụmụ ọmụmụ.
Ndụ ndị nke abụọ
Biofuels nke abụọ - mmanụ dị iche iche nwetara site na usoro dị iche iche nke pyrolysis nke biomass, ma ọ bụ ụdị mmanụ ndị ọzọ, na mgbakwunye na methanol, ethanol, biodiesel mepụtara site na ngwa ndị eji eme “ọgbọ nke abụọ”.
Isi mmalite nke akụrụngwa maka biofuel nke ọgbọ nke abụọ bụ ligno-cellulosic ogige ndị fọdụrụ mgbe ewepụrụ akụkụ nke akụrụngwa akụrụngwa dị mma maka iji rụọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ nri. Ejiri iji biomass meputa biofuel nke abuo bu ibelata oke ala eji eme oru ugbo. Osisi - isi mmalite nke akụrụngwa nke ọgbọ nke abụọ gụnyere:
- Algae - nke bụ ihe dị mfe ndụ na-emegharị iji topụta na mmerụ ma ọ bụ mmiri nnu (ha nwere ihe ruru narị narị abụọ karịa isi mmalite nke ọgbọ nke mbụ, dịka soybeans),
- Ginger (osisi) - na-eto eto na ọka na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ.
- Jatropha curcas ma ọ bụ Jatropha - na-etolite na ala kpọrọ nkụ, nwere mmanụ nwere 27 na 40% dabere na ụdị.
Pyrolysis ngwa ngwa na-enye gị ohere ịtụgharị biomass ka ọ bụrụ mmiri dị mfe ma dị ọnụ ala karịa ibuga, chekwaa ma jiri ya. Enwere ike iji mmanụ ọkụ eletrik, ma ọ bụ mmanụ ọkụ maka osisi ike.
N'ime biofuel nke abụọ nke erere na ahịa, ndị a kacha mara amara bụ BioOil nke ụlọ ọrụ Canada Dynamotive na ụlọ ọrụ German CHOREN Industries GmbH mepụtara.
Dabere na Energylọ Ọrụ Ike nke German (Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH) (na teknụzụ ndị dị ugbu a), mmepụta mmanụ ọkụ biomass pyrolysis nwere ike ikpuchi 20% nke mmanụ ọkụ na-akpaghị aka. Site na 2030, na mmepe nke teknụzụ, biomass pyrolysis nwere ike inye 35% nke ọkụ ọkụ na-ere ọkụ German. Ọnụ ego nrụpụta ga-erughị € 0.80 kwa lita mmanụ.
Emebere Pyrolysis Network (PyNe), otu nzukọ nyocha na-ejikọ ndị nchọpụta sitere na mba 15 nke Europe, USA na Canada.
Ojiji nke mmiri mmiri nke osisi a na-eke pyrolysis bụkwa nke na-ekwe nkwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ngwakọta nke 70% chịngọm turpentine, 25% methanol na 5% acetone, ya bụ, ụmụ irighiri ihe ndozi nke osisi resinous pine, enwere ike iji nke ọma dochie anya mmanụ A-80. Ọzọkwa, a na - eji mmiri na - eme ihe na - emepụta ihe na - emepụta ahịhịa: ahịhịa, ahịhịa, ogbugbo. Mkpụrụ nke mmanụ sitere na mmanụ dị ihe dị ka kilogram 100 n'otu tọn mkpofu.
Ọgbọ nke atọ Biofuels
Ihe biofuels nke ato nke ato bu mmanu ndi sitere na algae.
Ngalaba ike United States sitere na 1978 ruo 1996 mụrụ algae algae dị elu na Mmemme Aquatic Species. Ndị ọrụ nyocha ahụ kwubiri na California, Hawaii, na New Mexico dị mma maka mmepụta mmepụta algae na ọdọ mmiri ndị mepere emepe. Ruo afọ 6, algae toro na ọdọ mmiri nwere mpaghara 1000 m². A na-ejide ọdọ mmiri New Mexico dị elu na CO2. Nrụpụta karịrị 50 gr. algae na 1 m² kwa ụbọchị. 200,000 hectare ọdọ mmiri nwere ike imepụta mmanụ ọkụ ga-ezuru ike kwa afọ nke 5% nke ụgbọ ala US. Hectare 200,000 - nke a bụ ihe na-erughị 0.1% ala US dị mma maka algae na-eto. Teknụzụ ka nwere ọtụtụ nsogbu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, algae hụrụ okpomọkụ dị elu n'anya, ihu igwe adịghị mma maka ịmịpụta ha, mana achọrọ ụfọdụ iwu ọkụ maka ọdịiche dị n'etiti abalị. N’ikpeazu 1990s, teknụzụ ahụ abanyeghị n’ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe n’ihi ntakịrị mmanụ dị ala.
Na mgbakwunye na algae na-eto n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị mepere emepe, enwere teknụzụ maka algae na-eto n'ime obere bioreactors dị nso na osisi ike. Ala mkpofu ahihia nke ulo oru oku nwere ike kpuchie 77% nke okpomoku oku di nkpa iji nweta algae. Teknụzụ a achọghị ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ ọzara.
Ofdị Biofuels
E kewara biofuels n'ime siri ike, mmiri mmiri na gaseous. Osisi siri ike bụ nkụ ochie (nke na-abụkarị ihe mkpo osisi) na pelite mmanụ (nke obere arụ ọrụ nke ịkpụzi arụ).
A na-eji mmanụ a Liụ mmanya eme ihe (methanol, ethanol, butanol), esters, biodiesel na biomass.
A na-enweta mmanụ gas - mmanụ dị iche iche agwakọtara ya na carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen nwetara site na nrụrụ ọkụ nke ihe ndị dị na ikuku oxygen (ikuku), na-enweghị oxygen (pyrolysis) ma ọ bụ nke gbaa ụka n'okpuru mmetụta nke nje.
Biofuel siri ike
Nkụ nkụ bụ mmanụ kachasị ochie nke mmadụ ji. Ugbu a, n'ụwa maka imepụta nkụ ma ọ bụ ihe ọkụkụ, a na-eto oke ohia, nke nwere ụdị ngwa ngwa (poplar, eucalyptus, wdg). Na Russia, osisi na biomass bụ pulpwood, nke na-adabaghị na mma maka mmepụta osisi.
Mmanụ na-acha mmanụ na briquettes - ihe ndị a na-enweta site na mkpo osisi (ahịhịa, osisi ibe, ahịhịa, ahịhịa na obere osisi, nsị osisi n'oge osisi), ahịhịa, ahihia ugbo (ahịhịa nke ifuru, ahịhịa, nri, nsị ọkụkọ) na ahịhịa ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ nsogbu dị iche iche nke mmanụ osisi pellets, ha nọ n'ụdị nke cylindrical ma ọ bụ okirikiri nwere oghere nke 8-23 mm na ogologo 10-30 mm. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, na Russia, mmepụta mmanụ na paịtestes na-aba uru n'ụzọ akụ na ụba naanị na nnukwu oke.
A na - enweta ahihia, mmanu oku, oku n’oku n’ebe ulo ndi ulo anyi di iche iche, na eweputa oku oku.
Ihe ụtọ nke sitere na ndu - echeghi ma ọ bụ jiri obere nkwadebe maka ọkụ: sawdust, osisi osisi, ogbugbo, husk, husk, ahịhịa, wdg.
Ahịhịa osisi - emere site na ịpịcha ezigbo osisi ma ọ bụ nsị nke ahịhịa n'oge owuwe ihe ubi na ebe ịkpụ ma ọ bụ mkpo osisi na-emepụta ihe na iji mkpanaka na-agagharị ma ọ bụ jiri obere na-eme ihe. Na Europe, a na-agba ihe ọkụkụ na osisi ọkụ na nnukwu ọkụ na-enwe ike nke otu na ọtụtụ iri megawatts.
Ọtụtụ mgbe nwekwara: peat mmanụ, ihe mkpofu obodo, wdg.
Bioethanol
Mmepụta ụwa nke bioethanol na 2015 bụ lita 98.3 ijeri, nke 30 dị na Brazil na 56.1 na United States. A na-amụnye Ethanol na Brazil n'ụzọ bụ okpete, yana na United States site na ọka.
Na Jenụwarị 2007, na ozi ọ zigara Congress, George W. Bush tụpụtara atụmatụ 20 maka atụmatụ iri. Atụmatụ a tụrụ aro belata ike mmanụ ga-eji 20% n’ime afọ 10, nke ga-ebelata mmanụ a ga-eji 10%. 15% nke mmanu kwesiri kwesiri iji mmanu dochie ya. Na Disemba 19, 2007, Onye isi ala US George W. Bush bịanyere aka na United States Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA nke 2007), nke kpọrọ oku maka ịwepụta ethanol ijeri 36 kwa afọ tupu 2022. N'otu oge ahụ, a ga-emepụta plọm ruru 16 ijeri ethanol site na cellulose - ọ bụghị ngwaọrụ akụrụngwa. Mmezu nke iwu echewo ọtụtụ ihe isi ike na igbu oge ihu, ebumnuche ndị dị na ya emezigharị ugboro ugboro.
Etaniol bụ obere “ume-okpo ike” nke ike karịa mmanụ ụgbọ ala, ihe dị anya ụgbọala na-agba E85 (ngwakọta nke 85% ethanol na 15% mmanụ, leta "E" sitere na bekee Ethanol), otu olu nke mmanụ dị ihe dị ka 75% nke ihe dị ala nke ụgbọ ala ọkọlọtọ. Carsgbọ ala ndị enweghị mgbakọ enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ na E85, ọ bụ ezie na injin ụgbọ ala dị n'ime na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu E10 (ụfọdụ isi kwuru na ịnwere ike iji E15). Na ethanol "ezigbo" nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ a na-akpọ. Igwe eji eme “Flex-Fuel” (igwe eji eme “flex-oil”). Carsgbọ ndị a nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ na mmanụ mmanụ nkịtị (a ka chọrọ obere ethanol) ma ọ bụ na ngwakọta abụọ. Brazil bụ onye ndu na mmepụta nke okpomoku okpomoku bioethanol dị ka mmanụ. Stationslọ ọrụ gas na Brazil na-enye nhọrọ E20 (ma ọ bụ E25) n'okpuru nkata nke mmanụ nkịtị, ma ọ bụ “acool”, ethanol azeotrope (96% C2H5OH na mmiri 4%, enweghị ike ịnweta ịta ethanol site na mbupụ mmiri). N'iji eziokwu ahụ bụ na ethanol dị ọnụ ala karịa mmanụ mmanụ, ndị na-ere mmanụ na-adịghị mma na-agbanye E20 na azeotrope, ka ntinye ya wee nwee ike iru 40% na nzuzo. Converttụgharị igwe eji eme ihe na fri-mmanụ ga-ekwe omume, mana ọ bụghị nke ga-ekwe omume.
US Cellulose Ethanol Production
N’afọ 2010, Protectionlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchekwa Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na United States wepụtara data maka mmepụta 1005 gallon nke etinlọ cellulose na United States, dabere na nkwupụta sitere na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ. Futọ mmanụ ọkụ na Ike Cello. Companieslọ ọrụ abụọ a kwụsịrị ọrụ n'otu afọ ahụ na-ebidoghị ịmalite mmanụ ọkụ.
Na Eprel 2012, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ Ọcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ mepụta puku galọn abụọ nke mbụ, mgbe nke a kwụsịrị ọrụ a.
Companylọ ọrụ INEOS Bio N'afọ 2012, o kwupụtara mwepụta “izizi ethanol azụmahịa mbu nke cellulose nwere ikike nke nde 8 nde kwa afọ,” mana ndị EPA edepụtaghị ọmarịcha ihe ọ bụla.
N'afọ 2013, ụlọ ọrụ mba EPA hụrụ mmepụta sel cellulose ethanol na United States.
N'afọ 2014, ụlọ ọrụ anọ kwupụtara mmalite nke ọkọnọ:
- Ndị na-eme Quad County ọka - Julaị 2014, galọn Nde abụọ n'otu afọ,
- EGO - Septemba 2014, galọn 25 nde kwa afọ,
- Abengoa - Ọktọba 2014, galọn 25 nde kwa afọ,
- Dupont - Ọktoba 2015, ndelonụsị nde 30 kwa afọ.
Dabere na EPA maka afọ 2015, emepụtara gallon nde 2.2 n'ezie, ya bụ, 3.6% nke ụlọ ọrụ anọ ahụ ekwuputere n'elu.
Abengoa na 2015 kwupụtara nkwuputa ego.
Iwu nke ikike inwereonwe na nchekwa, nke ndị omeiwu US weghaara na 2007, kpọrọ oku maka imepụta ijeri gasị 3 na US na 2015. N'ihi nke a, nrụpụta ahụ ruru naanị 0.073% nke ebumnuche ndị Congress kwupụtara, n'agbanyeghị nnukwu itinye ego na nkwado steeti.
Ndị nkatọ na-ekwupụta na mgbalị ndị na-emezughị emezi iji mepụta ethanol site na cellulose na United States malitere ihe karịrị otu narị afọ gara aga ma a na-emeghachi ya ihe dị ka afọ 20 ruo 30 kwa afọ, na enwere ihe atụ ebe mmepụta ihe karịrị otu nde galọn kwa afọ. Ya mere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, laghachi azụ na 1910, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ Mmanya na-aba n'anya alcoholnwere mmanya na-egbu egbu site na mkpo osisi, ụlọ ọrụ abụọ nwere ikike puku puku puku na puku asaa. Ha rụrụ ọrụ ọtụtụ afọ.
Biomethanol
Nkụpụta ahịhịa nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na usoro ihe ọkụkụ nke phytoplankton mmiri erutebeghị ọkwa nke azụmahịa, mana a na-ahụta dị ka otu n'ime mpaghara ebe ekwere nkwa na mmepụta nke biofuels.
Na mbido 80s, ọtụtụ mba Europe jikọrọ aka wee rụpụta ọrụ maka iji mepụta sistemụ arụmọrụ na-eji mpaghara ọzara dị n'ụsọ osimiri. Ihe mmezu nke oru ngo a bu ihe mgbochi onu ogugu onu ahia nke uwa.
Enwere ike imepụta biomass site na ịzụlite phytoplankton na ebe nchekwa mmadụ mebere n'ụsọ oké osimiri.
Usoro nke abụọ bụ ịgba mmiri nke biomass na mmiri nke na-esote methane iji mepụta methanol.
Uru uru nke iji microgacopic algae dị ka ndị a:
- arụmọrụ phytoplankton dị elu (ruo 100 t / ha kwa afọ),
- ọ dịghịkwa ala na-eme nri ma ọ bụ mmiri ọ freshụ isụ emeghị eme,
- Usoro a anaghị asọ mpi n'inwe ugbo,
- ume ike nke usoro ahụ ruru 14 na ọkwa nke mmepụta methane na 7 na ọkwa nke mmepụta methanol.
Site n ’echiche banyere mmepụta ume, usoro a sitere na ahịhịa nwere ike inwe uru akụ na ụba dị ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro ndị ọzọ nke ịgbanye ike anyanwụ.
Biobutanol
Butanol-C4H10O mmanya gbara ụka. Mmiri nke enweghị agba na njiri mara. A na-eji ya dị ka akụrụngwa akụrụngwa na ụlọ ọrụ, ejighị ya dị ka mmanụ ụgbọ njem n'ahịa azụmahịa. Na United States, a na-emepụta buteol 1.39 ijeri butanol kwa afọ maka ihe dị ka ijeri $ 1.4.
Butanol malitere imepụta mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 site na iji ọgwụ nje Clostridia acetobutylicum. Na 50s, n'ihi ịda ọnụ ahịa mmanụ, a malitere ịmepụta ya site na ngwaahịa mmanụ ala.
Butanol enweghị akụrụngwa corrosive, enwere ike ibufe ya na akụrụngwa ndị dị ugbu a. Ọ nwere ike, mana ekwesighi, gwakọta na mmanụ ọdịnala. Ike nke butanol di nso na mmanu nke mmanu. Enwere ike iji Butanol na sel mmanụ yana dịka akụrụngwa maka mmepụta hydrogen.
Ahịhịa shuga, beets, ọka, ọka, cassa na, n'ọdịnihu, cellulose nwere ike ịbụ akụrụngwa maka mmepụta biobutanol. Emebere teknụzụ biobutanol nke DuPont Biofuels mepụtara. Njikọ nri ndị Britain akpọrọ (ABF), BP, na DuPont na-ewu ụlọ biobutanol nde iri abụọ na UK site na ụlọ ahịa nri dị iche iche.
Dimethyl ether
Enwere ike imepụta ya site na kol, gas, na site na osisi.A na - emepụta panethyl ether site na pulp n'efu na mmepụta akwụkwọ. Ọ na-aefụ mmanya mgbe ọ dị obere.
Dimethyl ether bụ mmanụ nwere gburugburu ebe obibi na-enweghị sọlfọ, ọdịnaya nke nitrogen oxides na gas na-ere ọkụ bụ 90% dị ala karịa nke mmanụ ọkụ. Ojiji nke dimethyl ether anaghị achọ nzacha pụrụ iche, mana ọ dị mkpa ịgbanwe usoro ọkọnọ ọkụ (ịwụnye akụrụngwa, mgbazi nke ngwakọta agwakọta) na mgbanye ọkụ. Na-enweghị mgbanwe, ọ ga-ekwe omume iji ụgbọala ndị nwere ngwa LPG na ọdịnaya 30% dị na mmanụ.
Na July 2006, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (China) nakweere ụkpụrụ maka ojiji nke dimethyl ether dịka mmanụ. Gọọmentị China ga-akwado mmepe nke dimethyl ether dịka ọ ga - ekwe omume e nwere mmanụ dizel. N'ime afọ 5 sochirinụ, China na-ezube iwepụta 5-10 nde tọn dimethyl ether kwa afọ.
Ngalaba Transportgbọ njem na Nkwukọrịta nke Moscow kwadebere mkpebi nke gọọmentị obodo "Na mgbasawanye nke ojiji nke dimethyl ether na ụdị mmanụ ọkụ ndị ọzọ."
KAMAZ, Volvo, Nissan na ụlọ ọrụ China nke SAIC Motor na-ewulite ụgbọ ala ndị na-agba na dimethyl ether.
Biodiesel
Biodiesel bụ mmanụ sitere na abụba nke anụmanụ, osisi na microbial si, yana ngwaahịa nke nnweta. Iji nweta biodiesel, a na-eji ihe oriri ma ọ bụ abụba anụmanụ. Enwere ike ị nweta ihe dị mịrịkị azụ, soybean, nkwụ, mmanụ aki oyibo, ma ọ bụ mmanụ ọ bụla ọzọ, na mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ nri. A na-emeputa teknụzụ maka mmepụta nke biodiesel na algae.
Mmanụ ikuku
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Russia si na Joint Institute for High Temperatures (OIVT) nke Russian Academy of Sciences na Moscow State University arụpụtawo ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma nwalee otu osisi maka ịmegharị micromgae biomass ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ ọkụ. A nwalere mmanụ mmanụ a gwakọtara na mmanụ ga-adị n'ime injin na-ejikọ ya ọnụ. Mmepe ohuru na-enye gi ohere ịhazi ahihia algae ozugbo, n’enwechaghi ya. Mgbalị ndị mbụ a na-enweta iji nweta mmanụ gas sitere na algae enyere maka usoro a na-akpọ nkụ, nke kachasị ike oriri ike na arụmọrụ nke mmanụ na-esite. Ugbu a, edozila nsogbu a. Usoro microalgae na-eto ngwa ngwa karịa ike nke anwụ na carbon dioxide n'ime biomass na oxygen karịa ihe ọkụkụ ala, yabụ inweta biofuels site n'aka ha bụ ezigbo nkwa.
Methane
A na-etolite Methane mgbe emechara ya ọcha site na ụdị adịghị ọcha ndị a na-akpọ gas sitere na carbon nwere mmanụ siri ike dịka carbon ma ọ bụ osisi. Usoro a ga - eme mmiri ga - eme n 'ọnọdụ nke 300 ruo 450 Celsius C yana nrụgide nke 1-5 n'ụlọ arụnyere. N'ime ụwa enwere ọtụtụ ahịhịa nyere maka mmepụta nke methane site na mkpo ahihia.
Nkatọ
Ndi nkatọ banyere mmepe nke ihe a na-eme biofuel na-ekwu na ihe na-eto eto chọrọ biofuels na-amanye ndị ọrụ ugbo belata mpaghara n'okpuru ihe ọkụkụ ma mee ka ha kọọ maka ihe ọkụkụ. Iji maa atụ, na mmepụta ethanol site na nri ọka, a na-eji bard mepụta nri maka anụ ụlọ na anụ ọkụkọ. Na mmepụta biodiesel sitere na soybean ma ọ bụ rapeseed, a na-eji achicha achicha maka imepụta nri anụmanụ. Nke ahụ bụ, imepụta ahịhịa dị ndụ na-emepụta usoro ọzọ na nhazi nke ngwaọrụ ọrụ ugbo.
- Dabere na ndị ọkachamara n'ihe banyere akụ na ụba na Mahadum Minnesota, n'ihi uto biofuel, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị agụụ na-agụ na mbara ala ga-abawanye ruo ijeri mmadụ 1.2 ruo mgbe 2025.
- Foodtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke United Nations (FAO) na mkpesa 2005 ya na-ekwu na ịba ụba biofuel nwere ike inyere aka mee ka ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ ugbo na-eto ma meziwanye nchekwa nri, na-atụnye aka na mmepe akụ na ụba. Mmepụta biofuel ga -emepụta ọrụ ọhụrụ na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe ma belata ịdabere na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na mbupụ mmanụ. Na mgbakwunye, imepụta ahịhịa dị ndụ ga-ekwe ka itinye aka nke ala a na-ejighị ya ugbu a. Iji maa atụ, na Mozambique, a na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na nde hekta 4.3 na hekta 63.5 nke ala ga-adị mma.
- Ka ọ na-erule 2007, ihe ọkụkụ elektrik 110 na-arụ ọrụ na United States iji mepụta ethanol ma a ka na-arụkwa ọrụ 73. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 2008, ikike mmepụta ethanol US ruru ijeri galọn 11.4 kwa afọ. N’okwu ọ gwara mba ahụ n’afọ 2008, George W. Bush kpọrọ oku ka e welie mmepụta bioethanol ruo ijeri gasị iri atọ na ise kwa afọ n’afọ 2017.
- Na echiche Onye Ọchịagha (Onye isi oche) (03/28/2007), Fidel Castro Rus katọrọ Onye isi ala US George W. Bush, onye “mgbe ya na ndị isi ụgbọ ala America zutere kwupụtara echiche ya banyere imepụta mmanụ na nri… Onye isi ala alaeze ahụ turu ọnụ na United States na-eji ọka Dị ka akụrụngwa, ha aghọọla onye mbụ mepụtara ethanol, ”Castro dere. Ma emesia, dabere na onu ogugu enwere ugbua na ihe o mere, o gosiputara na uzo a ga - eme ka nsogbu nri si na mba nke uwa nke ato bi njo.
- Na Indonesia na Malaysia, egbutula akụkụ dị ukwuu nke oke ohia ahụ iji mepụta nkwụ. Otu ihe mere na Borneo na Sumatra. Ihe kpatara ya bu oso diri mbuputa mmanu anumanu - mmanu dika ihe ozo kari mmanu diel (enwere ike iji mmanu rapeseed mee ihe dika mmanu di ire). Ego di ala na nke ume di ala - ihe ichoro maka imeputa mmanu ozo site na mmanu ozo.
Nhọrọ nnabata
A na-ahụkarị bioenergy dị ka nnukwu ihe nwere ike ịnọchite carbon na-anọpụ iche na mmanụ ọkụ. Iji maa atụ, International Energy Agency na-ele bioenergy anya dị ka isi mmalite nke ike karịa 20% nke ike mbụ ka ọ na-erule 2050, akụkọ sitere na UNFCCC Secretariat na-eme atụmatụ ike bioenergy na 800 exajoules kwa afọ (EJ / afọ), nke ukwuu karịa ike ike ụwa ugbu a. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ na-eji ihe dị ka ijeri tọn ijeri tọn 12 nke ihe ọkụkụ kwa afọ (na-ebelata biomass maka ala dị ala site na 23.8%), ikike kemịkal ya bụ naanị 230 EJ. N’afọ 2015, e mepụtara biofuel site na ihe juputara ume nke 60 EJ, nke bụ 10% nke ikike izizi. Agriculturalnweta ọrụ ugbo na oke ọhịa anaghị eme ka ngụkọta ahịhịa dị na mbara ụwa kọwaa, na-ekesa ya site na gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwado ọdịmma mmadụ. Afọ ojuju 2050% nke ike sitere na biofuel ga-apụta mmụba nke biomass a na-enweta n'ala ubi site ugboro abụọ. Ihe a mee, ogha n’onu agha aghaghi enye ha nri. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọkwa ọrụ ugbo ugbu a na-emetụta 75% nke elu ụwa site na ọzara na glaciers, nke na-eduga nrụgide dị ukwuu na ihe ndị dị ndụ na ikuku mmiri ga-eme ka ikuku mara.2 . Ike inweta ọtụtụ ihe biomass n’ọdịnihu dịcha nsogbu.
"Nnọpụiche carbon" nke bioenergy
Ebumnuche nke "ịnọpụ iche carbon" nke bioenergy zuru ebe niile, nke a sitere na mpụta ike sitere na osisi anaghị eduga na mgbakwunye nke CO2 banye ikuku. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị katọrọ echiche a, mana ọ bụ na akwụkwọ iwu European Union. Nke kachasị, ọ na-enye iwu maka ịbawanye oke nke bioenergy ka 20% na biofuels n'ụgbọ njem na 10% site na 2020. Ka osi di, enwere otutu ihe omuma sayensi nke na-enwe obi abua banyere edemede a. Plantskọ ihe ọkụkụ maka ịmịpụta biofuel pụtara na ewepụrụ ma wepụsịa ahịhịa ndị ọzọ nwere ike iwepụta carbon site na ikuku. Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ usoro nke biofuel na-emepụta ihe na-ebutekwa ikuku CO.2. Ọrụ akụrụngwa, ụgbọ njem, nhazi nke ihe akụrụngwa, ọgba aghara ala na-enweghị mgbagha na mmeto ikuku CO2 banye ikuku. Ego nke ikpeazụ n’ihe ụfọdụ nwere ike njọ karịa mgbe ọkụ na-ere mmanụ ọkụ. Nhọrọ ọzọ maka ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye inweta ume site na nbibi dị iche iche nke ọrụ ugbo, ịkpụ osisi, wdg Ọ pụtara iwepụ ihe ndị a na gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe n'oge ihe omume, carbon dị n'ime ha, dịka iwu, nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ala na usoro mbibi. Kama nke ahụ, a na-ahapụ ya n'ime ikuku mgbe ọkụ.
Nyocha usoro ndụ gbakwunyere na teknụzụ ndị na-akụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na-enye nsonaazụ dịgasị iche dabere ma a na-atụle ma ọ bụ na-agbanweghị ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè na ojiji nke ala, enwere ike ịnweta ngwaahịa site (dịka nri anụ ụlọ), ọrụ griin haus nke nitrous oxide site na mmepụta fatịlaịza na ihe ndị ọzọ. Dabere na Farrell et al. (2006), mmetọ ikuku sitere na ihe ọkụkụ dị 13% ala karịa ikuku gas na-emebu. Nnyocha nke Protectionlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu US na-egosi na site na “mbara igwe” nwa oge nke afọ 30, mmanụ biodiesel na-eji mmanụ a na-enweta na-enye ọnụego site na mbelata 26% gaa na mmụba nke 34% na-adabere n'echiche e mere.
Tgwọ Carbon
Ojiji nke biomass na ụlọ ọrụ eletrik na-eweta nsogbu ọzọ maka ịnọpụ iche carbon, nke a na-ahụkarị maka mbufe biofuels. Dịka iwu, na nke a, anyị na-ekwu maka nkụ ọkụ. CO2 site na osisi na-ere ọkụ ọ na-abanye ikuku ikuku n'oge usoro ọkụ, yana mwepụta ya na mbara ikuku na-apụta mgbe osisi ọhụrụ na-eto ruo iri iri na otu narị afọ. Oge a ka a na-akpọkarị "ụgwọ ụgwọ carbon", maka oke ọhịa ọhịa Europe ruru narị afọ abụọ. N'ihi nke a, “ntụpụpụ carbon” nke osisi dịka ihe eji emepụta ndụ agaghị enwe ike ijide n'aka na obere oge na nke ọkara, ka ọ dị ugbu a, nsonaazụ nke ụdị ihu igwe na-egosi mkpa iji belata mmụba ngwa ngwa. Ojiji nke osisi na-eto ngwa ngwa na iji fatịlaịza na ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo si eme ka a na-edochi ọhịa na ihe ọkụkụ nwere obere ala karịa ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ogbe nguzobe osisi di otua na ebute nsogbu nke ndu di iche-iche, mkpocha ala na nsogbu ndi ozo bu ndi ozo sitere na nsogbu nke gbasa agha.
Ihe Mmebi Ebe obibi
Dabere na ọmụmụ e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Sayensịewebata ebubo mgbapu ikuku2 sitere na mmanụ ọkụ ala, ebe na-eleghara ikuku ikuku, ga-ebute ịrị elu na-achọkarị ihe ọkụkụ, nke ka ọ na-erule afọ 2065, ọ ga-agbanwe ọhịa nkịtị, ahịhịa na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ. A na-emebi ọhịa ugbu a maka biofuels. Ọgụ a na-achọwanye elu maka paịlị na-eduga n'ịbawanye azụmaahịa mba ụwa (ọkachasị na-ebuga ya Europe), na-eyi oke ohia egwu gburugburu ụwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik Bekee Drax na-ezube ịnata ọkara nke ikike 4 GW ya na biofuels. Nke a pụtara mkpa ọ dị ibubata osisi 20 nde tọn kwa afọ, okpukpu abụọ karịa nke a na-egbute na UK n'onwe ya.
Njikwa Ike Agbara Biofuel
Ike nke biofuels iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka isi mmalite nke ike na-adabere na uru ọrụ ya, ya bụ, oke nke ike enwetara nyere ndị ejiri ego. A tụlere nguzozi ike nke etịol ọka na Farrell et al. (2006). Ndị ode akwụkwọ kwubiri na ike a na-enweta site n'ụdị mmanụ a dị elu karịa ike ike maka mmepụta ya. N'aka nke ọzọ, Pimentel na Patrek na-arụ ụka na oriri ike dị 29% karịa ike nwetaghachi ume. Ndiiche dị otua na nyocha nke ọrụ nke ngwaahịa, nke, dị ka nyocha siri ike, enwere ike iji ya na-azụ anụ mana belata mkpa maka mmepụta soya.
Mmetụta na Nchedo nri
Ebe ọ bụ na, n'agbanyeghị mbọ dị iche iche na itinye ego dị ukwuu, enweghị ike iwepu mmepụta mmanụ sitere na algae na mpụga ụlọ nyocha, biofuels chọrọ iwepụ ala ubi. Dabere na IEA maka 2007, imepụta kwa afọ nke 1 EJ nke ike biofuel ike kwa afọ chọrọ ala dị nde hectare 14, ihe dị ka 1% mmanụ ụgbọ njem chọrọ 1% ala ubi.
Nkesa
Atụmatụ site na Worldwatch Institute N'afọ 2007, e mepụtara biofuels ijeri iri isii na isii n'ụwa niile, nke na-anọchite anya 1.5% nke oriri mmanụ ikuku n'ụwa. Mmepụta Ethanol ruru ijeri lita 46. United States na Brazil na-emepụta 95% nke ethanol zuru ụwa ọnụ.
N'afọ 2010, ihe ọkụkụ ndị si na mmiri dị n'ụwa mụbara rutere ruru ijeri 105, nke bụ 2.7% nke oriri mmanụ n'ụwa n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. N'afọ 2010, emepụtara lita ijeri ethanol na ijeri iri isii na biodiesel. Akụkụ United States na Brazil na usoro ethanol zuru ụwa ọnụ ruru 90%.
Ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ọka na USA, ihe karịrị ọkara nke rapeseed na Europe, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke okpete na Brazil na-aga mmepụta biofuel (Bureau et al, 2010).
Biofuels na Europe
European Commission setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke iji ebe ọzọ ike eletrik dịkarịa ala 10% nke ugbo ala na 2020. Enwekwara obere oge na 5.75% site na 2010.
N’ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2007, e guzobere Fulọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọgbara Ọhụrụ na UK ka ha leba anya iwebata ihe mmanụ chọrọ. Onye isi oche a bụ Ed Gallaher, onye bụbu onye isi ndị ọrụ na ngalaba na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi.
Arụmụka gbasara ike ịhe biofuels na afọ 2008 mere ka nyocha nke abụọ nke nsogbu sitere na komputa nke Gallagher duziri. A na-enyocha mmetụta ndị na-adịkarị site na fatịlaịtị na nri nri, ọdịiche nke ihe ọkụkụ toro, ọnụ ahịa nri na mpaghara ịkọ ugbo. Akuko a choro iwelata ihe omimi nke mbido biofuels rue 0,5% kwa afo. Ebumnuche nke 5 pasent n'ụzọ dị otu a ga - enwetarịrị tupu 2013/2014, afọ atọ ka emechara ka eburu nke mbụ. Ọzọkwa, mmezu ọzọ ga-esonyere ya na iwu maka ụlọ ọrụ itinye n'ọrụ teknụzụ ọhụụ lekwasịrị na mmanụ nke ọgbọ nke abụọ.
Bido n’April 1, 2011, inwere ike ịzụta injin ọhụrụ di na mmanụ karịrị narị ụgbọ ala Sweden atọ. Sweden ghọrọ mba mbu n'ime ụwa ebe enwere ike ịme mmanụ ụgbọ ala nwere eco-diel, nke emere na ntọala nke mmanụ fir na Sweden. "Nke a bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nke otu esi eji ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị mkpa nke oke ọhịa na otu anyị si '' akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ '' nwere ike ị nweta ọtụtụ ọrụ na ọnọdụ ihu igwe ka mma" - Minista Ọrụ Ugbo Eskil Erlandsson / Eskil Erlandsson.
Na Mach 8, 2013, ụgbọelu biofuel izizi azụmahịa transatlantic zuru ezu. Ejiri ụgbọ elu KLM Boeing 777-200 rụọ n'ụgbọ elu Amsterdam - New York.
Na Finland, mmanụ ọkụ na-enye ihe dị ka 25% nke ike ọrụ ma bụrụ isi ya, akụkụ ya na-abawanye kwa mgbe.
A na-arụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ kachasị na ụwa ugbu a na Belgium. Bee ike gentnke ga arụ ọrụ na osisi.Ike ya ga-abụ 215 MW, ikike ikuku ya ga-abụ 100 MW 107, nke ga-ewetara ezinụlọ 450,000 ọkụ eletrik.
Biofuel na Russia
Dabere na Rosstat, na 2010, mbupụ mmanụ ọkụ Russia na-ebu mmanụ (gụnyere ahịhịa, achịcha mmanụ, ibe osisi na osisi) karịrị nde 2.7. Rọshịa bụ otu n’ime mba atọ na-ebuga mmanụ chara acha n’ahịa Europe. Naanị ihe dị ka 20% nke biofuels e mepụtara na-eri na Russia.
Enwere ike ịmị biogas na Russia ruru ijeri 72 m³ kwa afọ. Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik sitere na biogas bụ 151,200 GW, okpomọkụ - 169,344 GW.
N'afọ 2012-2013, enyere atụmatụ ịnye ihe ọkụkụ biogas iri ise na mpaghara 27 nke Russia. Echichi nke ọdụ ọdụ ọ bụla ga-abụ site na 350 kW ruo 10 MW. Mkpokọta ọdụ ụgbọ elu ga-erughị 120 MW. Mkpokọta ụgwọ ọrụ ahụ ga - esi na 58.5 ruo 75.8 billion rubles (dabere na udu nyocha). Ndi GizEnergoStroy Corporation na BioGazEnergoStroy Corporation na-eme mmejuputa atumatu a.
Andhapụ ala na ịmị osisi
Dabere na otu echiche si dị, a ga-egbochi ihe ndị na-adịghị mma nke iji ahịhịa ndụ site na iji ihe ọkụkụ maka ya eme ihe n'ala ndị a na-akpọ "hapụrụ" ma ọ bụ "gbahapụrụ agbahapụ." Dịka ọmụmaatụ, British Royal Society na akụkọ ya na-achọ mkpebi mkpebi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke agbadoro maka ịgbanyụ mmepụta "gaa na ala ndị ala nwere obere anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ala ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ." N'ime ọmụmụ nke Campbell et al 2008, ikike ụwa na-eme biogin ka a na-atụ anya na-erughị 8% nke ike mbụ dị ugbu a site na iji hectare 385-472. A na-amata oke ala nke ala ndị a na tọn ton 4.3 na hectare kwa afọ, nke dị obere karịa atụmatụ gara aga (ruru 10 tọn kwa hectare kwa afọ). Ihe omuma atu banyere uzo eji ekpeputa ala ubi “arapuru” dika ekwesiri iji meputa ihe biofuel bu ihe omumu nke Field et al (2008), dika odi ala nde hekta 386 di. Ala ọ bụla nke akọtụrụla ihe ubi kemgbe afọ 1700, bụ́kwa nke, dị ka ihe osise satịlaịtị, na-akọbeghị ugbu a, a na-ewere ya "agbahapụ" ma ọ bụrụ na enweghi ọhịa ma ọ bụ ebe obibi na ha. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ dịghị mgbalị a na-eme iji chọpụta ojiji ndị ala a ga-eji ala ndị a, ahịhịa, ubi, wdg. N'ihi nke a, onye edemede nyocha nke ọmụmụ iri na asaa nke Goeran Berndes biofuel na-emepụta ihe na-egosi, "ala ndị a na-ewerekarị ka agbahapụ. bụ ihe ndabere nke ndị bi n'ime ime obodo. ” Ọtụtụ ndị ode akwụkwọ na-ede banyere isi ihe ọkụkụ na-aga n'ihu site na iwebata echiche nke "ala a na-emeghị emepe" yana gụnyere nnukwu ebe ịta nri na Latin America, Africa na Asia na ụdị a. Ekwesiri iche na nbughari nke oru ugbo nke ala ndia bu ihe omuma nye ndi bi ugbu a, na ndu ha ugbua, nke amuma site na otutu ndi nna nna ha, enweghi ikike inwe ndu ozo. Ndị na-agbachitere ụzọ ọdịnala a na-akatọ echiche nke a dị ka igbochi ọdịbendị ọdịnala mmadụ na akwanyere ikike nke ndị obodo. Ha na-atụkwa aka na mkpa ihe ọmụma na omume ọdịnala si enyere ndụ aka ibi ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi ike. Dabere na nzukọ International Lands Coalition, ugbu a 42% nke ihe niile dị n'ime ala n'ụwa ka a na -emepụta maka mmepụta ahịhịa dị ndụ. Ndị na-emepụta ya na-egosi na ha wepụtara ọtụtụ narị nde hectare ala na South South dịka "agbahapụ" na "ịnwe mmepe," na-eleghara eziokwu ahụ anya na ọtụtụ narị nde mmadụ biri na ala ndị a ma nweta ihe ha ji ebi ndụ. Ọ na-abụkarị nke a na-emebi mmebi ndụ. A na-eme ka ngwa rụọ ọrụ site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ala ndị a bụ obodo ndị nwe obodo nwekọrọ ọnụ, ndị ikike ha dabere n'echiche ọdịnala obodo ha, na akwadoghị iwu ọ bụla. Uru ndị bi na mpaghara site na ọrụ ọrụ na-abụkarị ihe na-enweghị isi n'ihi isi ike nke atụmatụ mmepụta etinyere na adịghị mma nke ndị obodo. Na mgbakwunye, ọnụahịa mgbazinye na ọkwa nke ụgwọ ọnwa kpebisiri ike site na nguzosi ike nke ndị ọzọ sonyere na azụmahịa ahụ, uru dị ka iwu, dịkwa n'akụkụ agribusiness transnational. Colchester (2011) na-egosi na a na-eji mmanye arụ ọrụ de facto na mmepụta nkwụ. Na mgbakwunye, ọrụ ekwere n’obodo dị ka ọnọdụ maka inyefe ala na-abụkarị ndị na-ewepụ n’afọ ole na ole (Ravanera and Gorra 2011). Na mkpokọta, ọnọdụ ịghara ịdabere na ndị bi n'ime ime nnukwu nsogbu agachaghị amasị ha. Na Brazil, a ghọtara ọchịchọ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-aga mba ọzọ ka ha "rụọ ọrụ maka onwe ha na-enweghị onye nwe ụlọ" dị ka isi ihe na-emebi mbibi Amazon (dos Santos et al 2011).
.Kpụrụ
Jenụwarị 1, 2009 na Russia GOST R 52808-2007 “Teknụzụ ndị na-abụghị ọdịnala. Ike biowaste. Okwu na nkowa. " Iwu nke 424-st na iwebata ọkọlọtọ ahụ ka Rostekhregulirovanie kwadoro na December 27, 2007.
Ewuputara ulo oru nleghari ahu site na ulo nyocha nke ikike mmeghari ohuru nke Mahadum Moscow State. MV Lomonosov ma depụta usoro na nkọwapụta nke echiche ndị bụ isi n'ọhịa biofuels, na-etinye echiche siri ike na mmiri mmiri na gaseous.
Na Europe, site na Jenụwarị 1, 2010, otu ụkpụrụ maka biofuels EN-PLUS na-arụ ọrụ.
Njikwa mba
Eziokwu gbara ọkpụrụkpụ bụ na European Commission na-ezube ịkwalite mba ndị sonyere na-enyefe ụgbọala na biofuel na ọnụọgụ 10% nke ngụkọta. Iji mezuo ebumnuche a, emebela kọmitii na kọmitii pụrụ iche ma na-arụ ọrụ na Europe, nke na-agba ndị nwere ụgbọ ala ume ka hazigharịa ngwa igwe ha ma na-ejikwa ogo biofuels enyere ha n'ahịa.
Iji chekwaa nguzozi nke ndu na uwa, ndi komenti nile na a hu na otutu umu ihe ndia nke umu aka ha na eweputa ahihia na abawanye site na umu ihe eji eme biofu. Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta biofuel ga-eme ka teknụzụ ha dịkwuo elu ma lekwasị anya na mmanụ ọkụ nke ọgbọ nke abụọ.
Ezigbo gas na Russia na ụwa
Nsonaazụ nke ọrụ ike dị otú ahụ adịteghị aka. Iji maa atụ, na mbido afọ nke abụọ nke narị afọ a, ụlọ ọrụ gas dị 300 na-arụ ọrụ na Sweden, ebe ị nwere ike jupụta tank maka ihe ndị nwere emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-eme ya site na mmanụ nke osisi fir ndị a ma ama na-eto na Sweden.
N’oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2013, ihe mere mere ghọrọ ihe ntụgharị na mmepe nke teknụzụ na-emepụta mmanụ ụgbọ elu. Otu ụgbọ elu transatlantic nke nwere biofuel siri na Amsterdam pụọ. Boeing a rutere na New York n'enweghị nsogbu ọ bụla, wee si otu a tọọ ntọala maka ojiji nke ikuku gburugburu na enweghị ikuku.
Russia na-ewere ọnọdụ dị oke egwu na usoro a. Anyị bụ ndị na-emepụta ụdị sọks dị iche iche, anyị na-ewere ọnọdụ nke atọ na ọkwa nke ndị na-ebupu mmanụ mmanụ pelits! Mana n'ime obodo anyị, anyị na-erepịa ihe erughi 20% nke mmanụ ọkụ, ebe anyị na-agafe iji ụdị dị oke ọnụ.
Mpaghara 27 nke Russia ghọrọ ebe nnwale ebe a na-ewu ma bute ihe ọkụkụ sitere na biogas. Ihe oru ngo a riri ihe dika ijeri iri isii na isii nke rubles, mana ego a na-enweta site na oru nke ugbo ala ndi ozo riri otutu oge.
Onyinye inye onyinye
Nke kacha nke na-ekwe nkwa bụ teknụzụ maka iji rụọ ngwa ọrụ ndị a na-emegharị emezi na biofuels na ọkụ eletrik, yana ihe ga-eme ka emeputa ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa biopolymer. Ngwa nke teknụzụ ndị a na-enyere ha aka iwegharị ihe, dịka, iji nwughari ya na usoro ọhụụ nke ịmepụta ngwaahịa (ọkachasị, mkpụrụ na mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ na bioplastics).
Ohere iji teknụzụ ndị a na Russia dị oke elu. Mmepe ha na mmejuputa ha ga-eduga na oge ọkara iji belata ịdabere na akụ na ụba mba na isi ike, ngwaahịa mba ofesi na teknụzụ, na ịmepụta ahịa ọhụrụ.
Mmetụta
Na-akwalite mmepe nke mpaghara njem, na-abawanye ọbụbụenyi gburugburu ebe obibi yana igbo mkpa mmanụ na-eto.
Mbelata ịdị ike nke asọmpi n'etiti mpaghara ọrụaka na nri a na-akụ (n'ihi nzụlite nke microalgae na phytoreactors, vortex floating aquarium reactors, reservoirs).
Mmepe nke mpaghara ọnọdụ ajọ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na mbelata ihe ha dabere na mmanụ ọkụ ebubata.
Inweta protein, antioxidants, agba nri na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ bara uru sitere na microalgae.
Atụmatụ ahịa
Site na 2030, mmepụta biofuel zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-abawanye ruo nde 150 nde na nha mmanụ, yana uto uto nke 7-9% kwa afọ. Oghere ya ga-erute pasent 4-6 nke mmanụ ụgbọ ala ga-eri. Algae biofuels nwere ike dochie ihe karịrị ijeri lita 70 nke mmanụ ọkụ ọkụ kwa afọ. Ka ọ na-erule 2020, ahịa biofuel dị na Russia nwere ike itolite ihe karịrị ugboro 1.5 - ruo akara nke nde tọn 5 nde kwa afọ. Okwu puru iche maka ngosiputa kachasi nma nke omume: 2025–2035.
Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na ihe mgbochi
Atụmatụ gburugburu ụwa nke mba ndị mepere emepe iji belata oke mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi.
Mkpa maka itinye ego maka owuwu nke osisi biodiesel, mmezi nke usoro teknụzụ.
Encedabere na arụmọrụ microalgae na-arụ na nwupụta ìhè anyanwụ (mgbe etolitere na mmiri mepere emepe).
Ọkụ eletrik Organic
Usoro nke itinye n'ọrụ na nhazi nke ihe mkpofu nwere ike jikọta ya na imepụta ngwaahịa ndị fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọkụ eletrik. Iji ngwaọrụ pụrụ iche - sel mmanụ microbial (MTE) - ọ bịara nwee ike ịwepụta ọkụ eletrik site na mkpofu, na-agafe ọkwa nke mmepụta biogas na nhazi ya na ọkụ eletrik.
MTE bụ usoro ihe ọkụkụ. Ofdị arụmọrụ ya na-arụ ọrụ sitere na metabolic nke nje ndị na-emebi ihe mkpokoro ahihia (na-emebi) ma na-ebufe elektrọnikọn na sekit eletrik arụpụtara n’ime otu usoro. Enwere ike nweta oke arụmọrụ nke nje ndị dị otú ahụ site na itinye ha na teknụzụ teknụzụ nke ahịhịa na-ahụ maka mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri nwere ihe ndị nwere nje, nsị nke na-ewepụta ike.
Enweela mmepe nke ụlọ nyocha na-eme ka iji MTE fanye batrị. Site na ikpocha na njikarịcha nke teknụzụ teknụzụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịnye obere ọkụ eletrik na obere ụlọ ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, MTE dị elu nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ site na iri ruo puku kwuru puku lita ga-enye ike kwụ ọtọ na akụrụngwa ọgwụgwọ.
Nchịkọta eji arụ ọrụ
Amụma maka ihe owuwu ahịa ụwa si ewu ụwa: 2022 (%)
Ọkụ eletrik Organic
Usoro nke itinye n'ọrụ na nhazi nke ihe mkpofu nwere ike jikọta ya na imepụta ngwaahịa ndị fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọkụ eletrik. Iji ngwaọrụ pụrụ iche - sel mmanụ microbial (MTE) - ọ bịara nwee ike ịwepụta ọkụ eletrik site na mkpofu, na-agafe ọkwa nke mmepụta biogas na nhazi ya na ọkụ eletrik.
MTE bụ usoro ihe ọkụkụ. Ofdị arụmọrụ ya na-arụ ọrụ sitere na metabolic nke nje ndị na-emebi ihe mkpokoro ahihia (na-emebi) ma na-ebufe elektrọnikọn na sekit eletrik arụpụtara n’ime otu usoro. Enwere ike nweta oke arụmọrụ nke nje ndị dị otú ahụ site na itinye ha na teknụzụ teknụzụ nke ahịhịa na-ahụ maka mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri nwere ihe ndị nwere nje, nsị nke na-ewepụta ike.
Enweela mmepe nke ụlọ nyocha na-eme ka iji MTE fanye batrị. Site na ikpocha na njikarịcha nke teknụzụ teknụzụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịnye obere ọkụ eletrik na obere ụlọ ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, MTE dị elu nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ site na iri ruo puku kwuru puku lita ga-enye ike kwụ ọtọ na akụrụngwa ọgwụgwọ.
Mmetụta
Improkwalite mmekorita gburugburu ebe obibi nke usoro mmepụta na arụmọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ, belata ndabere ha nwere na mpụga nke ọkụ eletrik, belata ọnụahịa mmepụta na ọnụ ahịa inweta teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ.
Bawanye ọnọdụ ahụ na mpaghara ndị na-enweghị ike, na-abawanye asọmpi ha site na iji MTE.
Ohere iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ebumnuche na-enweghị ume (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na obere ugbo).
Atụmatụ ahịa
70% - oke nke ihe mkpofu nke a ga-eji site na iji usoro ihe omimi bawanye ndu ga-abawanye site na 2020 na Russia ma e jiri ya tụnyere 2012. Na European Union, òkè nke ọkụ eletrik sitere na biogas ga-adị 8%. Okwu puru iche maka ngosiputa kachasi nma nke omume a: 2020–2030.
Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na ihe mgbochi
Mmụba nke ihe mkpofu ahịhịa na ịrị elu nke ọkụ eletrik.
Ikike iji rụọ ọrụ bioreactors dị ka MTE na isi mmalite dị iche iche, gụnyere mmiri mkpofu.
Ego ezughi oke nke ulo oru mbo choro iji jikota MTE n’ime usoro teknụzụ, oge nkwụghachi ogologo.
Mkpa ijikọ bioreactors na saịtị n'efu.
Dịtụ arụmọrụ dị na arụmọrụ ala nke ugbua arụmọrụ nke ndị na - eme bioreactors nke ụdị MTE.
Nchịkọta eji arụ ọrụ
Ọmụmụ banyere sistem microbial electrochemical n'ụdị: 2012 (%)
Ngwakọta ngwongwo nke Biodegradable
Udiri ihe ngwungwu emeputara site na igwe na - eme ihe (akpa, ihe onyonyo, ngwongwo) na - eduga na nsogbu nke mmetọ gburugburu. Enwere ike idozi ya site na ntughari gaa na ngwongwo ngwungwu sitere na polymer biogragradable nke a na - emegharị ngwa ngwa ma dị mma iji.
N'ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe, a na-ahụkarị ihe dị na ụlọ ọrụ nkwakọ ngwaahịa ahụ iji chụpụ ndị polymer na-emepụta sịntetị biodegradable (yana oge mkpụgharị nke ọnwa 2-3). Olu ha na-eme kwa afọ na Western Europe naanị ihe dị ka puku 19,000, na North America - puku tọn 16,000. N'otu oge, dị ka ọtụtụ ihe gosipụtara, ihe eji egbochi biopolymer ka bụ nke na-apụtaghị ihe ndị ọdịnala.
Teknụzụ maka mmepụta nke biopolymer ihe dabere na polylactic acid sitere na shuga nke ahịhịa ọka na shuga na-enye ohere ịkwakọ ngwaahịa ya na njirimara dị elu: na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-adịgide adịgide, na-eguzogide mmiri ma na-eme ihe ike, na-adịghị mma isi, na-enwe ihe mgbochi dị elu ma n'otu oge ahụ rụọ ọrụ nke ọma na ngwa ngwa. . Technologiesbawanye teknụzụ bụ iji belata akụrụngwa na ume ha.
Ọgbọ nke biofuels nke abụọ
Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke mmeputa bu na o choro otutu ihe osisi. Maka itolite ya, achọrọ ala, nke, ọ bụrụ na edobere ya nke ọma, kwesiri iji ya mee ihe maka ịkọ ahịhịa nri. Yabụ, teknụzụ ọhụụ ezubere imepụta biofuels ọ bụghị site na ihe ọkụkụ dum, kama na mkpofu site na nrụpụta ọzọ. Osisi, ahịhịa mgbe a na-azọcha ọka, ahịhịa nke sitere na sunflower, mmanụ a andụ na achicha mkpụrụ, na ọbụna nsị nri na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ - nke a bụ ihe a na - eji akụ ndụ maka biofuels nke abụọ.
Ihe atụ dị egwu banyere biofuels nke ọgbọ nke abụọ bụ gas "drawer", ya bụ, biogas nke nwere carbon dioxide na methane.Ka enwere ike iji biogas mee ụgbọala, a na-ewepụ carbon dioxide na ya, n'ihi nke a, biomethane dị ọcha ka dị. Na mkpokọ otu ụzọ ahụ, a na - enweta bioethanol na biodiesel site na uka nke ọmụmụ.
Etu esi eme biodiesel
Iji mepụta biodiesel, ọ dị mkpa iji belata viscosity nke mmanụ ihe oriri. Iji mee nke a, a na-ewepụ glycerin na ya, na-ewebata mmanya n'ime mmanụ kama. Usoro a chọrọ ọtụtụ nzacha iji wepu mmiri na adịghị mma dị iche iche. Iji mee ka usoro a gbasie ike, a na-agbakwunye onye na-etinye ihe na mmanụ. A na-etinye mmanya na-egbu egbu na ngwakọta. Iji nweta methyl ether, a na-agbakwunye methanol na mmanụ, a na-agbakwunye ethanol iji nweta ethyl ether. A na-eji acid eme ihe.
Egwakọta ihe niile, mgbe ahụ ọ ga - ewe oge iji kpochapụ ya. Ihe dị n'elu oyi akwa bụ biodiesel. Igwe etiti bụ ncha. Ala nke dị ala bụ glycerin. Igwe niile na-abanye na imepụta ọzọ. Ma glycerin na ncha bụ ihe dị mkpa na akụ na ụba mba. Biodiesel na-aga ọtụtụ ọcha, na-drained, ẹdụk.
Ihe onyonyo a meputara bu ihe na-ato uto: otu ton mmanu na-a withu oke iko mmanya di 110, na kilogram iri nke ihe na-emeputa ihe na 1,100 lita nke biodiesel na ihe kariri kilogram 150 nke glycerin. Biodiesel nwere agba agba amber na-acha odo odo, dị ka mmanụ sunflower mara mma nke ahịhịa ndụ, glycerin gbara ọchịchịrị, ma nwee ogo 38 ugbu a. Ezi biodiesel dị mma ekwesịghị ịnwe ọ bụla adịghị mma, irighiri ihe ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi. Maka njikwa njikwa na-aga n’ihu mgbe ị na-eji biodiesel, a ga-enyocha ihe nzacha mmanụ ụgbọala.
Mmepụta Bioethanol
Ngwakọta nke akụrụngwa nke nwere ezi shuga bụ ihe ndabere maka mmepụta bioethanol. Usoro a yiri ị gettingụ mmanya ma ọ bụ anwụ anwụ mgbe niile. Ngwakọta ọka mee ka ọ ghọọ shuga, a na-etinye ya yist, a na-enweta Mash. A na-enweta ethanol dị ọcha site na ikewapụ ngwaahịa nke gbaa ụka, nke a na-apụta na kọlụm pụrụ iche. Mgbe ọtụtụ filtita gasịrị, ha akpọọ nkụ, ya bụ, a na-ewepụ mmiri.
Enwere ike ịgbakwunye bioethanol na mmiri adịghị na mmanụ mgbe niile. Ekelere oke bioethanol na mmetuta ya na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere nnukwu uru na ụlọ ọrụ, na mgbakwunye, ọnụahịa nke biofuel na-esite na ya nwere ezi uche.