Ahịrị ala ọma jijiji (Seismos Greek - ala ọma jijiji) bụ mpaghara ala n'etiti efere lithospheric, bụ nke e ji mara mkpagharị dị elu na ala ọma jijiji ugboro ugboro, ọ bụkwa mpaghara ndị nwere ọtụtụ ugwu na-agbọpụ ọkụ. Ogologo mpaghara seismic dị puku kilomita. Mpaghara ndị a kwekọrọ na mmebi miri emi nke dị na ala, yana n'ime oke osimiri na etiti oke osimiri na oke osimiri dịkarịsịrị ugbu a, a na-amata mpaghara abụọ buru ibu: oke osimiri Mediterranean na Trans-Asia na Pacific meridional. Ogige oke osimiri nwere oke okike na ugwu mgbawa ugwu Mediterenian na Trans-Asia nwere gụnyere Mediterranean na ugwu ndị gbara ya gburugburu na ndịda Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, yana ọtụtụ Central Asia, Caucasus, Kun-Lun, na Himalayas. Ogige a nwere ihe dị ka 15% nke ala ọma jijiji niile dị n'ụwa, omimi nke dị n'etiti, mana enwere ike imebi nnukwu ihe. ”Ala ọma jijiji 80% na-eme na mpaghara seismic Pacific, nke na-ekpuchi agwaetiti na ala miri emi n'oké osimiri Pacific. Akụkụ ndị metụtara ike nke agwaetiti Aleutian, Alaska, Kuril Islands, Kamchatka, Islands ndị Philippine, Japan, New Zealand, Hawaiian, na North na South America dị na mpaghara a n'akụkụ oke osimiri. N'ebe a, ala ọma jijiji na - emekarị site na nchekwa nzuzo nke nwere mmetụta, nke nwere oke ọdachi, ọkachasị, na - akpata tsunamis, Ngalaba ọwụwa anyanwụ nke eriri Pacific sitere na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Kamchatka, nke nwere agwaetiti Aleutian, na-aga n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke North na South America ma kwụsị na South Antilles loop. A na-ahụ oke seismicity n'akụkụ ugwu nke alaka Pacific yana mpaghara California na United States. A naghị ekwuputa ihe ịma mma na Central na South America, mana ala ọma jijiji nwere ike ime mgbe ụfọdụ na mpaghara ndị a.Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ nke Pacific seismic belt na-esite na Philippines ruo Moluccas, gafere Oké Osimiri Banda, Nicobar na Sunda Islands ruo Andraman Archipelago. Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si kwuo, alaka dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na Burma nwere eriri eriri Trans-Asia. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ala ọma jijiji n'okpuru na mpaghara nke ngalaba ọdịda anyanwụ nke eriri seamsic Pacific. Ebe miri emi dị n'okpuru Osimiri Okhotsk na agwaetiti ndị Japan na Kuril, mgbe ahụ a warara nke miri emi ga-agbada na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-agafe Oké Osimiri Japan gaa n'agwaetiti Mariana sezọ seismicity nke abụọ nwere nnukwu mpaghara seismicity: Oke Osimiri Atlantic, ọdịda anyanwụ Indian Ocean, na Arctic. Ihe dị ka 5% nke ala ọma jijiji niile na - eme na mpaghara ndị a. Mpaghara oke ala nke Oké Osimiri Atlantic malitere na Greenland, gafere na ndịda gabiga ndagwurugwu etiti mmiri nke mmiri na-akwụsị na agwaetiti nke Tristan da Cugna. Anaghị ahụ ọkpọ ọkpọ dị ebe a. Ndị otu mpaghara seismic nke dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ Indian Ocean na-agafe banye na mpaghara Larabawa nke dị na ndịda, mgbe ahụ gaa na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, na mgbago elu mmiri gaa Antarctica. N'ebe a, dị ka mpaghara Arctic, ntakịrị ala ọma jijiji nwere nnukwu echiche. A na-ahụ eriri ala nke seismic nke mere na o yiri ka ọ bụ nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke ụwa - nyiwe malitere n'oge ochie. Mgbe ụfọdụ ha nwere ike ịbanye n’ókèala ha. Dị ka emere ka ọ pụta ìhè, ọnụnọ nke eriri afọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na mmejọ nke jikọrọ ọnụ nke ụwa, ma nke ochie ma nke ugbu a.

N’edemede a, anyị ga-agwa gị banyere eriri ala Alpine-Himalayan, n’ihi na akụkọ ihe mere eme niile ka ejiri mepụta ala ahụ nwere njikọ na ntụgharị nke na-esite na ngosipụta ala a na mgbawa ọkụ, n’ihi nke ugbua nke ụwa tụkwasara… ngagharị mgbapụta nke ala tectonic a na-esite na ọgba aghara nke mpaghara ala na-aga n’ihu. Elu ụwa, nke na-eduga n'ịmepụta mmejọ tectonic na ugwu kwụ ọtọ. A na - akpọ usoro ndị a na - akwụsị akwụsị na - eme ka ụwa na - emejọ, na - ebute mmebi nke ndị na - eme ka inyinya na njịrị. Ntughari nke efere tectonic na-emesị na-eduga na ngosipụta dị ukwuu nke ime obodo na mgbawa ugwu. Enwere ụzọ atọ ije ije dị efere:
1. Efere tectonic siri ike ibugharị n'etiti ibe ha, na-akpụ ugwu, ma n'oké osimiri ma na ala.
2. inggakwuru maka tectonic efere dabara na akwa, na-akpụ ihe omimi tectonic.
3. Iri efere tectonic na-efegharị n'etiti onwe ha, si otu a na-akpụpụta mmejọ mgbanwe.
Ahịrị nke ụwa kachasị ama na -eme mkpokọta dabara na akara kọntaktị nke efere tectonic. E nwere ụzọ mpaghara abụọ dị mkpa:
1. Alpine - Himalayan seismic belt
2. Akwa seismic eriri.

N'okpuru anyị anyị bi na eriri mmiri Alpine-Himalayan, nke sitere na ugwu ugwu nke Spain ruo na Pamirs, gụnyere ugwu France, usoro ugwu nke etiti na ndịda Europe, akụkụ ndịda ya na ndịda - ndị Carpathians, ugwu Caucasus na Pamirs, yana ngosi ugwu. Iran, north India, Turkey na Burma. Na mpaghara a nke ngosipụta dị omimi nke usoro tectonic, ọtụtụ ala ọma jijiji na - eme, na - ewetara mba ndị na - adaba na mpaghara Alpine - Himalayan seismic. Mbibi a dakwasịrị n'obodo nile, ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ merụrụ emerụ, mebiri akụrụngwa njem na ihe ... Ya mere na China, na 1566, enwere ala ọma jijiji dị ukwuu na mpaghara Gansu na Shaanxi. N’oge ala ọma jijiji ahụ, ihe karịrị narị puku mmadụ asatọ nwụrụ, ọtụtụ obodo gbusikwara n’elu ụwa. Calcutta na India, 1737 - ihe ruru narị puku mmadụ anọ nwụrụ. 1948 - Ashgabat (Turkmenistan, USSR). Ndị ahụ metụtara - ihe karịrị 100 puku. 1988, Armenia (USSR), obodo nile nke Spitak na Leninakan bibiri kpam kpam. Gburu puku mmadụ iri abụọ na ise. Nwere ike ịdepụta ala ọma jijiji ndị ọzọ dị ike na Turkey, Iran, Romania, tinyere nnukwu mbibi na ndị nwụrụ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kwa ụbọchị, ọrụ nlekọta seismic na-edekọ ala ọma jijiji na-esighi ike na mpaghara Alpine-Himalayan seismic. Ha gosiputara na usoro tectonic na mpaghara ndị a anaghị akwụsị ọbụla maka otu nkeji, ngagharị nke tectonic plate anaghị akwụsị, ma mgbe ala ọma jijiji ọzọ siri ike ọzọ wee nwetakwa mgbagha nrụgide nke jikọrọ ụwa, ọ na-eto ọzọ ruo mgbe ihe dị mkpa, n'oge na - adịghị anya - - a ghaghi aghaghi ime, ihe ozo enwere nkpochapu nke ala ahu gha eme, kpatara ala oma jijiji.
Ọ bụ ihe nwute, sayensị nke oge a enweghị ike ịkọwa ebe na oge ala ọma jijiji ọzọ na-eso. Na mpaghara seismic dị n'ọrụ nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ, ha enweghị atụ, ebe ọ bụ na usoro nke tectonic efere na-aga n'ihu, yabụ na-enwe mmụba na-aga n'ihu na mpaghara kọntaktị nke usoro ikpo okwu. Site na mmepe nke teknụzụ dijitalụ, na ọbịbịa nke sistemụ kọmputa dị oke egwu na nke dị oke egwu, seismology ga-abịarute n'eziokwu ahụ na ọ ga-enwe ike ịme usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ nke tectonic na, nke ga-eme ka o kwe omume ịkwụpụta isi nke ala ọma jijiji ọzọ. N'aka nke ya, nke a ga-enye ohere nke mmadụ ijikere maka ọdachi ndị dị otú ahụ ma nyere aka izere ọtụtụ ihe ọghọm, teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na nkwa nkwa ga-ebelata ihe mbibi nke ala ọma jijiji siri ike. Ọ ga-ahụrịrị na eriri beliko ndị ọzọ na - arụ ọrụ na mbara ụwa na - ejikọ ọnụ na eriri nke ọrụ mgbawa ugwu. Sayensi egosila na n'ọtụtụ oge ọrụ ọkụ na-emetụta ọrụ ime ala. Dị ka ala ọma jijiji, ụba ọrụ ọkụ na-emetụta ndụ mmadụ kpọmkwem. Ọtụtụ ugwu na-agbọpụ ọkụ dị na mpaghara ebe mmadụ nwere ụba mmadụ, yana ụlọ ọrụ mepere emepe. Ọgba aghara ọ bụla na-agbọpụ ọkụ na-eburu ndị bi n'akụkụ ugwu mgbawa ọkụ. Na mgbakwunye na nke a dị n'elu, ala ọma jijiji nke dị n'oké osimiri na n'oké osimiri na-eduga na tsunamis, bụ nke na-adịghị emebi emebi na mpaghara mpaghara ala ọma jijiji karịa. Ọ bụ n'ihi nke a na ọrụ nke imeziwanye ụzọ nke nlekota nke ala seismic na-arụ ọrụ na-adịgide ka ọ dị mkpa.

Ala ọma jijiji na ndagwurugwu nke ugwu

Ọbụnadị ndị mmadụ na - enweghị nsogbu na nsogbu a maara na enwere mpaghara ụwa anyị nke ala ọma jijiji na-emetụtakarị. Ka anyị lebagodị anya na Akụkọ Seismological International nke na-ebipụta kwa afọ, nke edepụtara nsogbu niile mpaghara seism na afọ na-enye njiri ha. Anyị ga-ekwenye ozugbo na n'ọtụtụ oge ana - ahụ mkpọtụ ala ọma jijiji na mba ndị dị n'ụsọ osimiri Pasifik, ọkachasị na Japan na Chile. Mana ndepụta ndị a enyeghị nkọwa zuru oke banyere oke ọghọm nke ala seism, ebe ọ na-egosighi oke na ala ọma jijiji niile, nnukwu na obere, na-apụta na ala hà nhata. O doro anya na na nchikota a, a na-ekwubiga na oke ala nke mba ndị mepere emepe buru ibu, ebe enwere ọtụtụ seismograph nke na-ejide obere ala.

Na agbanyeghị, enweghị ike ịgbagha na akaebe nke akụkọ banyere ala ọma jijiji ugboro ugboro na mpaghara ugwu nke ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ala ndịda nke ala ala abụghị eziokwu. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ ala anyị bụ nke na-anọchi anya mpaghara nke ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ala: 90 pasent nke ajọ ihe merenụ na-eme n'ebe ugwu nke ogo 30 n'ebe ndịda.

N'ebe a, anyị nwere planisphere, ebe a na-akpa nkata maka akụkọ ala ọma jijiji niile gụnyere na International Seismological Report maka afọ 22. Ekwenyewo na anyị na-eche echiche: ala ọma jijiji na-adị n'ezie ụfọdụ mpaghara, doro anya ma emetụtaghị akụkụ ụwa niile.

Na-enyocha akụkụ ndị a nke ịta oke nke ala ọma jijiji, anyị na-ahụ ụzọ warara (n'akụkụ aka nri nke maapụ) nke na-amalite na Kamchatka, na-aga n'oké Osimiri Japan wee gbadata n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, mgbe ahụ rịbọn n'akụkụ ọnụ nke North na South America na-ahụ gị n'anya (na maapụ). Ndị agha abụọ, otu Eshia, nke ọzọ nke America, na-eru nso n'ebe ugwu, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Oke Osimiri Pasifik kpamkpam. Nke a bụ eriri se Pacific ahụ. All ihe na-elekwasị anya ihe na-eme ebe a, ihe ka ukwuu nke na-elekwasị anya na ọtụtụ ọgba aghara.

Fig. 20. Nkesa nke ndị isi nke nsogbu seismic na 1913-1935 (dika Colon) si kwuo.

Mpaghara ozo nke imebi ala ahu bu warara nke malitere n’agwaetiti Sulawesi. Ọ na-agbago n'akụkụ mbibi nke Indonesian, na-esite n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ, na-emetụta Himalayas, na-aga n'ihu Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, ,tali, Gibraltar na-aga ruo Azores. A na-akpọ eriri a Eurasian, ma ọ bụ Alpine, n'ihi na ọ dị na nnukwu ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, otu n'ime njikọ nke mejupụtara Alps. Ala ọma jijiji niile gbara ọkpụrụkpụ na-eme na gburugburu Oke Osimiri Pasifik, ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ eriri Eurasia.

Na mgbakwunye na nke abụọ bụ isi, a ma ama mpaghara ala ala dị ala ebe enwere ala ọma jijiji na-enweghị omimi. Otu n'ime akụkụ ndị a gafere n'etiti Oké Osimiri Atlantic wee ruo Arctic, nke ọzọ gafere site na north ruo n'ebe ndịda na Indian Ocean.

Usoro a dị ịtụnanya nke imebi ihe ọdịnala na-ewelite ajụjụ a: “N'ihi gịnị?”

Azịza nke mbụ nyere site n'otu ihe nlele Montessu de Ballore kwuru: ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ seismic na-abụkarịkarị ugwu ndị dị elu ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ osimiri. A na-enye ihe akaebe banyere nke a site na mmezi ala abụọ nke Oke Osimiri Pasifik, nke akụkụ mmiri dị omimi, ịgbakwasị ụkwụ nke Tibet na Himalayas ma ọ bụ andtali na Gris, nke nso olulu nke Oké Osimiri Mediterenian gafere.

Ebe anyị matara eziokwu ndị a, ka anyị tụgharịa uche n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ugwu kachasị elu nke ụwa so na nke ikpeazụ. N'ihi gịnị? Eeh, nihi na ihu igwe anaghị enwe ike ibibi ha. N’ezie, Himalayas, Alps, Andes, the Rockies - ha niile pụtara na Tertiary, ya bụ, dịka oke nke ala si dị, metụtara ụnyaahụ. Mana na-ekwu na ugwu ndị a bụ nwata, anyị si otú a kweta na ha ka na-eto. Nke a pụtakwara na ha adịghị iche n'ụdị ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ mechie, dịka Vosges ma ọ bụ Central Massif, a ka na-ewu ya. O nwere ike were ọtụtụ nde afọ tupu arụchaa ụlọ ha, mana nke ahụ adịghị mkpa. Isi ihe bụ na akụkụ Alpine niile - Alps, Himalayas, Andes na Rockies - ka na-etolite. Na geosynclines ochie, ebe ugwu ugwu wuru, ebe ndagide na-aga n'ihu, ma nke ahụ na-agbadakwa.

Yabụ, ọ nweghị ihe dị ịtụnanya n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na n'oge a, a na-ahụ ọgba aghara ndị a site n'oge ruo n'oge, oke okwute, na-enwe oke mgbagha, mgbawa, mgbawa na ala ọma jijiji na-eme. Ọ bụ ya mere mpaghara ndị ahụ mgbe usoro mkpokọ ahụ ka na-aga n'ihu, ya bụ, ebe ugwu ụmụ aka ma ọ bụ embrayo na-etolite, ghọrọ ebe a na-ahụkarị ala ọma jijiji.

Nke a na - akọwa oke ọrụ ahụ ọ bụghị naanị n'akụkụ oke ugwu, kamakwa oke omimi nke oke osimiri. Cheta na oke mmiri ndị a dị n'ime mmiri abụghị ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị ihe ndị ọzọ bụ geosynclines, ọ bụ ditches ebe ana - eme mkpọtụ. Geosynclines na-ehulata oge nile, na akwara ndị ahụ na-agbakọta n'ime ha site na oyi akwa, n'ihi enweghị ohere, na-agbakọta ma na-adaba na nchekwa, na-akpụ "mgbọrọgwụ" nke ugwu dị n'ihu. Ngwakọta dị otú ahụ na ịkụpịa ihe n'ụjọ nke okwute na-enweghị nsogbu na enweghị nsogbu na nkwụsịtụ, nke na-akpata ala ọma jijiji.

Akwa seismic eriri

Ogige seismic Pacific na-enye ihe atụ na ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke ọrụ ime mmiri a, dị naanị n'ugwu dị elu ma ọ bụ nnukwu ndakpọ mmiri. Njikọ nke mpaghara a nwere mmejọ, mkpọka na ụdị tectonic niile anaghị egosipụta site n'eziokwu ahụ na mgbanaka ọkụ na Pacific? Cheta ụta nke ọkụ na-agbọpụta n'oké osimiri Pacific. Na fig. Ọgụgụ 21 na-egosi eriri se Pacific ahụ seismic n'ozuzu ya, anyị ga-anwa ịkọwa ya na obere oge, malite na ndịda, elekere.

Emere eriri a na South Pole dịka egosiri na eserese ngosi? Onweghi onye maara nke a, n’agbanyeghi na enwere ike na mpaghara ala ahụ gafere Antarctica, wee rute Macquarie Island na New Zealand, ebe ala ọma jijiji siri ike mere na nso nso a. Na 1855, na New Zealand, ala ọma jijiji ahụ mebiri site na mmejọ nke 140 kilomita n'ogologo na mita 3 tụba. Ala ọma jijiji siri ike nke 1929 na 1931 mere ka mmejọ ahụ dịkwuo njọ ma kpatara nnukwu mbibi.

Fig. 21. Oke Osimiri Pasifik n’onwe ya bụ mpaghara mpaghara ala ọma jijiji na-alụ, mana eriri belikọm gbara ya gburugburu (dịka Gutenberg na Richter siri kwuo).

1 - mpaghara kọntinent kwụsiri ike (ala ọma jijiji na - egbochi), 2 - enweghị ezi, 3 - amụma etiti, 4 - miri emi.

Site na New Zealand, eriri ahụ na-agbago n'agwaetiti Tonga, mgbe ahụ gbadata ọdịda anyanwụ ruo New Guinea. N'ebe a, dịdebere agwaetiti Sulawesi, ọ na-ebili, na-agbago n'ebe ugwu. Otu alaka na-aga agwaetiti Caroline, Mariana na Bonin, nke ọzọ - gaa agwaetiti Philippine na Taiwan. Egosiputara ikpeazu nke omimi oke osimiri, nke oke ala oma jijiji kachasi ike na-ewe. E guzobere alaka ọzọ site na oke mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri, ọnụ ọnụ ugwu ya nke dị n'elu ala n'ụdị agwaetiti Caroline, Marian na Bonin. N'agbata ngalaba abụọ a, Oke Osimiri Pasifik dị ka oke osimiri nke nwere mmiri dị obosara, akụkụ mmiri seism nke na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ frenetic gbara gburugburu. O zuru ezu icheta ajọ mbibi nke bibiri Taiwan na Machị 17, 1906, gbuchara mmadụ mmadụ 1,300 wee bibie ụlọ 7,000, ma ọ bụ ala ọma jijiji ahụ mere na Philippines na 1955, mgbe obodo niile kwụsịrị n'okpuru ọdọ mmiri.

Alaka abụọ ahụ jikọtara ọnụ n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Japan wee gbasaa n'akụkụ mmiri ya nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Achọputara nnukwu mmiri ebe ahu, anyi ekwesighi icheta oke ihe egwu ndi nke mpaghara a. Naanị anyị ga-ekwu na site na 1918 ruo 1954 Gutenberg gụrụ ala ọma jijiji 122 nke ịdị elu nke 7 ma ọ bụ karịa n'akụkụ a (gụnyere ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ China, Taiwan na ndịda nke Kuril Islands), 85 n'ime ha bụ ndị na-enwetachaghị anya ma 17 nọ na-elekwasị anya nke ọma.

Islands gafere n’agwaetiti Kuril, ihe mkpuchi mmiri nke Pacific na-agafere n’ebe ugwu. Ọ na-emechi oke osimiri, na-agafe n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Kamchatka na agwaetiti Aleutian. Ala mmiri gbara gburugburu na-emebi nnukwu ala ebe ala ọma jijiji na tsunamis na-akpa ike. Ala ọma jijiji ndị mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya (1957) nwere ọtụtụ ihe ijuanya na oke 8. Onweja ndị a akwụsịghị ọnwa isii. Azụetiti Aleutian na-ejikọ mpaghara mpaghara Asia nke ukwuu na-enweghị obere akụkụ America na nke a. Ka anyị bido na Alaska. A hụrụ ala ọma jijiji n’ebe ahụ na Yakutat Bay na 1899, nke ewetaghị mbibi dị ukwuu, mana o nyere atụ pụtara ìhè nke mgbanwe nke enyemaka ahụ. Uyi ohuru (nke kachasi di ogologo iri na anọ) biliri na mpaghara a. Ala idei mmiri dị n'okirikiri ụlọ ọrụ ụwa niile dekọrọ ihe na-eme ka ndị mmadụ nwee nsogbu n'akụkụ seism.

Site na Alaska ruo Mexico, eriri ahụ na-agafe mpaghara mpaghara ụsọ mmiri, mana ọ na-agbadata ntakịrị n'oké osimiri, yabụ ala ọma jijiji ebe a, ọ bụ ezie na ha na-emekarị, anaghị emebi emebi karịa ka a tụrụ anya. Anyị agaghị atụkwasị obi na nbibi nke mpaghara ndị a, ọkachasị California, nke ekwuru ọtụtụ ihe banyere, mana ka anyị hụ ihe na-eme na Mexico. Ala ọmajiji ndị bi na Mexico nwere echiche amachaghị, ọ bụ ezie na ha anwụghị ebe ahụ. Ala ọma jijiji siri ike mere na Mexico na 1887 na 1912. Na ugwu nke mba ahụ (steeti Sonora) mgbe ala ọma jijiji mechara, ọtụtụ njehie na mpụga mmadụ pụtara, ma bibiri ọtụtụ obodo.

Ogige eriri ala kachasị ukwuu nke mbara ala

A na-akpọ ebe ndị ahụ dị na mbara ụwa ebe efere arịa na-emetụ onwe ha ka a na-akpọ eriri ala seismic.

Ọgụgụ 1. Mpaghara akụkụ ala kachasị ukwuu nke mbara ụwa. Onye edemede24 - gbanwere ọrụ ntanetị nke ụmụ akwụkwọ

Isi ihe dị na mpaghara ndị a bụ ịba ụba na-agagharị, na-akpata ala ọma jijiji ugboro ugboro na mgbawa ugwu.

Mpaghara ndị a nwere ogologo ma, dịka iwu, agbatị ruo ọtụtụ iri puku kilomita.

A na-ahọpụta eriri ukwu abụọ kachasị mma - otu gbatịrị na latitude, nke ọzọ - tinyere meridian, i.e. perpendicular na nke mbụ.

A na-akpọ eriri mmiri ahụ a na-akpọ latitudinal seismic Mediterenia ma na-esite na Ọwara Oké Osimiri Peshia, na-eru n'ókè ya n'etiti Oké Osimiri Atlantic.

Ógbè ala ahụ na-eme ka mmiri gbasaa n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Mediterenian na ugwu dị n'akụkụ South Europe, gafere North Africa na Asia Minor. Ọzọkwa, eriri ahụ na-aga Caucasus na Iran ma site na Central Asia na-aga na Himalayas.

Emechara ọrụ n’otu okwu ahụ

Ọnọdụ mpaghara a bụ ndị Romania Carpathians, Iran, Balochistan.

Ime mmiri dị n'oké osimiri dị na Indian na Atlantic, na-abanyekwa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Oké Osimiri Arctic.

Na Indian Ocean, oke seism a na-agafe na Spain na Greenland Oké Osimiri, na Indian Ocean ọ na-aga Arabia na ndịda na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Antarctica.

Ahịrị nke abụọ seismic bụ Pacific, bụ ọrụ kachasị ike ma na-akpata 80% nke ala ọma jijiji niile na oke mgbawa ugwu.

Akụkụ bụ isi nke eriri a bụ mmiri, mana enwerekwa ala dị ka ihe atụ, agwaetiti Hawaiian, ebe ala ọma jijiji na-adịgide adịgide n'ihi nkewawa ụwa.

Ogige seismic nke Pacific gụnyere obere seismic semicic - Kamchatka, agwaetiti Aleutian.

Ahịrị ahụ na-aga n'akụkụ ụsọ ọdịda anyanwụ nke America ma na-ejedebe na South Antilles loop na mpaghara niile dị n'ahịrị a nwere oke ịma jijiji nke ukwuu.

N'ime mpaghara a na-akwụghị ụgwọ, American Los Angeles dị.

Mpaghara mpaghara seismicity dị nke ukwuu na mbara ala, na mpaghara ụfọdụ, ha anaghị ege nti ma ọlị. Mana n’ebe ndị ọzọ, nkuzi nwere ike iru oke ha, mana nke a bụ maka ebe ndị ahụ dị na mmiri.

Mpaghara mpaghara seismicity dị na Indian Ocean na Pacific, ha nọ na Arctic na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Indian Ocean.

Ikeja na-eme na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mmiri niile.

Okwu mmeghe

A na-akpọ eriri afọ nke ụwa a ebe a na - ahụkarị efere lithospheric nke mbara ala. Na mpaghara ndị a, ebe a na-etolite eriri ala nke ụwa, a na-enwewanye ụba nke ngagharị ụwa, ọrụ mgbawa ugwu n'ihi usoro nke ugwu ahụ, nke ga-adịru otu puku afọ.

Ogologo eriri ndị a dị oke egwu - belts na-agbatị ọtụtụ puku kilomita.

Njirimara Seismic Belt

A na-etinyere eriri seismic na nhiwe nke efere lithospheric.

Oke Oke Osimiri Meridian bụ otu n'ime ndị kachasị ibu, ogologo oge niile enwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ugwu dị elu.

Ebe etiti enwere mmetụta ebe a bụ ntụkwasị obi, yabụ ọ na-agbasa ebe dị anya. Ugbo a meridian nwere ngalaba mmekpa ahụ arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ugwu.

Ihe otiti a hụrụ ebe a ruru oke osimiri California. San Francisco na Los Angeles, ndị dị na mpaghara a, nwere ụdị akụkọ mmepe nwere okpukpu atọ, ụlọ ndị nwere elu dị naanị na mpaghara etiti obodo.

N’akụkụ dị na akụkụ nke ala, ala ahụ nke alaka ahụ na-adịwanye ala ma n’akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke South America ịma jijiji na-esighi ike. Mana, agbanyeghị, a na-echekwa ụzọ nzuzo dị n'okpuru ebe a.

Otu n'ime ngalaba Oke Osimiri Pasifik bụ East, na-amalite site n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kamchatka. Ọzọkwa, ọ gafere na agwaetiti Aleutian, gafere America ma jedebe na Falklands.

Ihe ịma jijiji emepụtara na mpaghara a dị obere n'ike, yabụ mpaghara a abụghị oke mbibi.

Ala agwaetiti na Caribbean nọrịrị na mpaghara Antisles seismic loop, ebe a hụrụ ọtụtụ ala ọma jijiji.

N'oge anyị, mbara ala ahụ agbadala nke ọma na ịma jijiji dị iche iche, nke a na-anụ nke ọma, agaghịzi etinye ndụ n'ihe egwu.

Mgbe ejiri eriri seismic ndị a na-ahụ anya na maapụ, mmadụ nwere ike ịchọpụta ihe ịma mma nke ala, nke mejupụtara na ihe ndị a - ngalaba nke ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Pacific Ridge na-agba n'akụkụ ụsọ ọdịda anyanwụ nke North na South America, ngalaba ya nke ọdịda anyanwụ malitere na Kuril Islands, gafere Japan ma kewaa alaka abụọ ọzọ. .

Ihe ezi uche dị na ya bụ na ahọpụtara mpaghara ndị a na-ahụkarị.

A na-akpọkwa alaka dị iche iche na-apụ na Japan “Western” na “Eastern”, mana, na nke a, njikọta mpaghara ha kwekọrọ na iwu ndị nabatara n'ozuzu ha.

Alaka ọwụwa anyanwụ, dị ka a tụrụ anya, na-aga n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ - site na New Guinea gaa New Zealand, na-ekpuchi ọnụ mmiri nke agwaetiti Philippine, Burma, agwaetiti ndịda Thailand ma na-ejikọ na eriri Mediterranean-Trans-Asia.

Ihe e ji mara mpaghara a bụ ịma jijiji siri ike, oge ụfọdụ ọ na-emebi emebi.

Yabụ, aha mpaghara mpaghara seismịlị metụtara ebe ala ha dị.

Oke Osimiri Mediterenian na Trans-Asia

Ahịrị ahụ na-aga n'oké Osimiri Mediterenian na n'akụkụ ugwu ugwu Europe, yana ugwu nke North Africa na Asia Minor. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-agbatị n'akụkụ oke Caucasus na Iran, site na Central Eshia, Kush Hindu nke Kuen-Lun na Himalayas.

Mpaghara mpaghara oke mpaghara mpaghara Oke Osimiri Mediterenian na Trans-Asia bụ mpaghara ndị Romanpat Carpathians, Iran na Balochistan. Site na Balochistan, mpaghara seismic ahụ na-eru ruo Burma. Okirikiri ọkpọ ike na-abụkarị Kush Hindu.

Mpaghara akụkụ mmiri dị n'okpuru eriri ahụ dị na mpaghara Atlantic na Indian, yana akụkụ ụfọdụ na Arctic. Akụkụ ala dị n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Atlantic na-agafe Oké Osimiri Greenland na Spen n'akụkụ Ransọ Oké Osimiri Atlantic. Mpaghara mpaghara nke Oke Osimiri Indian site na Peninsula Arab gafere na ala ala na ndịda na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ruo Antarctica.

Seismic mmiri na ebili mmiri

Ike na-asọpụ site na etiti ala ọma jijiji ahụ n'akụkụ niile - ndị a bụ ebili mmiri mebisịrị, ọdịdị nke mgbasa nke dabere na njupụta na ike nke oke oke.

Nke mbu, ebili mmiri na ebili mmiri na-aputa na seismogram, agbanyeghi, ebuputara ebido ogologo.

Ogologo ebili mmiri na-agafe ihe niile - siri ike, mmiri na gaseous ma na-anọchite ụdị ọzọ nke mkpakọ na mpaghara ndọtị.

Mgbe ị na-ahapụ ụta nke ụwa, a na-agafe akụkụ nke ike nke ebili mmiri a na ikuku ma ndị mmadụ na-ahụta ha dị ka ụda n'ogologo ihe karịrị 15 Hz. Nke ebili mmiri, ha bụ ndị kachasị ọsọ.

Ebili mmiri na ebili mmiri na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịgbasa, n'ihi na ihe ịchafụ dị na mmiri ahụ abụghị ihe efu.

N'oge ha na - emegharị, ha na - atụgharị ihe dị iche iche na akụkụ aka nri gaa na ụzọ nke ụzọ ha. E jiri ya tụnyere ebili mmiri a na-anya ogologo, ike ọsọ nke ebili mmiri na-adị ala ma n'oge ọ na - emegharị ala, na - akwagakwa ya na vetikal ma na mbara ihu.

Thedị nke abụọ nke ebili mmiri bụ ebili mmiri. Ebugharị nke ebili mmiri dị n’elu, dị ka ebili mmiri n’elu mmiri. A na-ahụ ihe ebili mmiri dị elu ama:

Mmegharị nke ebili mmiri Lovehụnanya yiri agwọ (agwọ), ha na-akpali nkume n'akụkụ akụkụ ahụ n'ikuku ụgbọelu, a na-ahụta nke kacha bibie ya.

Na ntanetị nke dị n'etiti usoro mgbasa ozi abụọ ahụ, ebili mmiri Rayleigh bilitere. Ha na-eme ihe dị iche iche nke ndị na-ajụ ihe ma na-eme ka ha na-aga ma na-akwụ ọtọ ma na-akwụ ọtọ na ụgbọ elu.

E jiri ya tụnyere ebili mmiri Lovehụnanya, ebili mmiri Rayleigh nwere obere ọsọ, yana ndị nwere omimi na anya site na ebe etiti ahụ na-emebi ngwa ngwa.

Gabiga n'oké nkume site na ihe dị iche iche, ebili mmiri na-ama jijiji site n’aka ha dị ka ụzarị ọkụ.

Ndị ọkachamara na-amụ ihe omimi nke ụwa, na-enyocha mgbasa nke ebili mmiri seismic. Ihe atumatu a di nfe ma nwekwa eziokwu n’otu ebe, ana etinye ego n’ime ala ma gbawa ihe n’okpuru ala.

Site n'ebe mgbawa ahụ, ebili mmiri mebisịrị agbasa n'akụkụ niile wee rute n'usoro dị iche iche dị n'ime mbara ụwa.

Na oke nke ala ọ bụla ruru, ebili mmiri gosipụtara na-alaghachi azụ n 'ụwa ma edekọ n'ọdụ ụgbọ ala.

Akwa seismic eriri

Ihe kariri 80% nke ala ọma jijiji niile dị n'elu ụwa na-eme na eriri Pacific. Ọ na-agafe n'akụkụ ugwu dị n'akụkụ Oke Osimiri Pasifik, na ala nke oke osimiri n'onwe ya, yana akụkụ agwaetiti nke akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ya na Indonesia.

Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke eriri a buru ibu ma gbasaa site na Kamchatka site na agwaetiti Aleutian na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke America abụọ ruo na South Antilles loop. Akụkụ ebe ugwu nke eriri ahụ nwere ọrụ seismic kachasị elu, nke a na-ahụ na njikọ California, yana mpaghara Central na South America. Akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ sitere na Kamchatka na Kuril Islands gbasara Japan na gaba.

Alaka ọwụwa anyanwụ nke eriri juputara na ntụgharị ma dị nkọ. Ọ sitere n'agwaetiti Guam, gafere n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke New Guinea ma tụgharịa n'oké ọwụwa anyanwụ mbibi mbipụta nke Tonga, site na ya nke ọ na-aga ihu nke ukwuu na ndịda. Kedu ihe na - agọnarị mpaghara ndịda nke ọrụ seismic nke eriri Pacific, mgbe ahụ ugbu a amụbeghị nke ọma.

Ihe mkpuchi Pacific

Ogige ndị nọ na Pacific na-eme ka eriri mmiri na-egbochi eriri Oké Osimiri Pacific na Indonesia. Ihe karịrị pasent 80 nke ala ọma jijiji niile dị na mpaghara na-ewere ọnọdụ na mpaghara ya. Ogige a na-agafe agwaetiti Aleutian, na-ekpuchi ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke America, ma North na South, rutere Islands Islands na New Guinea. Ogwe mmiri Pacific nwere alaka anọ - ọdịda anyanwụ, ebe ugwu, ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda. A naghị aghọta nke ọma nke ọma. A na-ahụ ihe omume seismic n'ebe ndị a, nke na-esote ya kpatara ọdachi.

Mediterranean-Trans-Asia Belt

Mmalite nke eriri ụdọ a na Mediterranean. Ọ na-agafe ugwu nke ugwu ndịda Europe, gafere North Africa na Asia Minor, rute ugwu Himalayan. Na mpaghara a, mpaghara kacha arụ ọrụ bụ ndị a:

• Ndị Romania Carpathians,
• Mpaghara Iran
• Balochistan
• Ndị Hindu Kush.

Banyere ọrụ mmiri, a na-edekọ ya n'oké osimiri Indian na Atlantic, rute na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Antarctica.

Obere Seismic Belts

Akụkụ ndị kasị seismic bụ Pacific na Mediterranean-Trans-Asia. Ha na-agbagha akụkụ dị mkpa nke mbara ụwa anyị, nwee ogologo. Agbanyeghị, mmadụ ekwesịghị ichefu maka ihe dị otu a dịka eriri seismic nke abụọ. A pụrụ ịmata mpaghara atọ dị iche iche:

• Ógbè Arctic,
• na Oke Osimiri Atlantic, / li>
• na Oke Osimiri India. / li>

N'ihi mmeghari efere efere na mpaghara ndị a, ihe ịtụnanya dịka ala ọma jijiji, tsunamis na ide mmiri na-eme. N'akụkụ a, ókèala ndị dị nso - kọntinent na agwaetiti na-enwekarị ọdachi.

Mpaghara Seismic na Indian Ocean

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na mpaghara ahụ mpaghara ahụ dị n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Atlantik. Mpaghara a na-amalite site na ala Greenland, na-asọga n'akụkụ oke mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri Mid-Atlantic, na-akwụsị na mbibi Tristan da Cunha. A kọwara ọrụ mmeghari ebe a site na mmejọ ndị na-eto eto nke Middle Ridge, ebe ọ bụ na mmegharị efere lithospheric ka na-aga n'ihu ebe a.

Seismic ọrụ nke Indian Ocean

Ala seismic nke dị n’Oké Osimiri Indian na-esite na Ala Dịịrị Banye na Arebia gaa n’ebe ndịda, ọ fọkwara nke nta ka o ruo Antarctica. A na-ejikọta mpaghara seismic a na Middle Indian Ridge. Ala ọma jijiji ndị na-adịghị ala ala na mgbawa ugwu n'okpuru mmiri na-eme ebe a, anụ ahụ adịghị omimi. Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ tectonic emehie.

Mpaghara Semicic nke Arctic

A na-ahụ ihe na-eme ka a na-ahụkarị mpaghara Arctic. Ala ọma jijiji, ndagwurugwu nke apịtị, yana usoro mbibi dị iche iche na-apụta ebe a. Ọkachamara na-ahụ ebe etiti ala ọma jijiji ndị dị na mpaghara ahụ. Peoplefọdụ ndị mmadụ kwenyere na enwere ọrụ seismic dị ala, mana nke a abụghị eziokwu. Mgbe ị na-eme atụmatụ maka ọrụ ọ bụla ebe a, ịkwesịrị ịmụrụ anya mgbe niile ma dịrị njikere maka ihe ịtụnanya dị iche iche.

Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt

Alpine-Himalayan gafere Africa na Europe dum.N'ala ya, ala ọma jijiji ndị kachasị njọ na mgbawa ugwu na-eme.

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na China na 1566, ihe karịrị puku mmadụ 800 nwụrụ n'ihi mbugharị efere, na narị puku mmadụ anọ nwụrụ na India na 1737.

Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt na-ekpuchi mpaghara ugwu nke ihe karịrị mba 30: Russia, India, China, France, Turkey, Armenia, Romania na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

Usoro Seismic

Naturedị nke ịgbasa ebili mmiri nke seismic bụ isi dabere na njirimara na-agbanwe agbanwe na njupụta nke efere lithospheric.

E kere ha niile ụzọ atọ:

Longitudinalebili mmiri - apụta na mmiri mmiri, ihe siri ike na gas. Ha na - akpata ihe kachasị njọ na ihe okike.

Ebili mmiri - ha esiela ike n'ihi oke ha. Nwere ike ime ka ala ọma jijiji nke ọkwa 2 na nke 3. Ebili mmiri na-agbanwegharị na-agafe ma ihe siri ike ma na-adọrọ adọrọ.

Ebili mmiri nke dị n’elu elu - ihe kasị dị ize ndụ seismic. Na-eme naanị na ebe siri ike nke ụwa.

N'ime oke osimiri atlantic

Ogige a na-ahụ n'oké Osimiri Atlantic na-esite na Greenland, gbasaa n'akụkụ Atlantic wee rute n'agwaetiti Tristan da Cunha. Nke a bụ naanị ebe ngagharị nke lithospheric efere ka na - ewere ọnọdụ, ọ bụ ya mere enwere ọtụtụ ọrụ.

Aha mpaghara ala uwa dum

Enwere akwa ukwu abụọ na mbara ụwa: Mediterranean-Trans-Asia na Pacific.

Fig. 1. eriri ukwu nke ụwa.

Mediterranean-Trans-Asia eriri ahụ sitere na mpaghara ụsọ Oké Osimiri Pasia wee kwụsị n'etiti Oké Osimiri Atlantic. A na-akpọkwa eriri a latitudinal, ebe ọ na-esonye na equator.

Ihe mkpuchi Pacific - jikọrọ ọnụ, ọ na-agbatịkwuru na nha nke Mediterranean-Trans-Asia. Ọ dị n’elu eriri a ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ugwu na-agbọpụta ọkụ dị, ọtụtụ nke mgbawa na-ewere ọnọdụ n’edemede mmiri nke Oke Osimiri Pasifik n’onwe ya.

Ọ bụrụ na i sere eriri ala seismic na map gburugburu, ị ga-enweta ihe osise dị omimi ma dị omimi. Belts, dị ka à ga-asị na ọ bụ n’agbụ ụzọ ụwa ochie, na-etinyekwa n’ime ha mgbe ụfọdụ. Ejikọtara ha na mmejọ oke nke jikọrọ ọnụ nke ụwa, ma nke ochie ma nke okenye.

Gịnị ka anyị mụrụ?

Yabụ, ala ọma jijiji anaghị eme n’ebe ezighi ezi na ụwa. A ga-enwe ike ịkọwa ihe ala ọma jijiji na-eme na mbara ala, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ala ọma jijiji na-eme na mpaghara pụrụ iche a na-akpọ eriri ala ụwa. E nwere nanị abụọ n'ime ụwa anyị a: eriri akwa Latitudinal Mediterranean-Trans-Asia, nke na-adakọ ukem na Equator na Pacific merisional seismic belt, nke dịkarịsịrị nke latitudinal.

Mkparịta ụka nke ọma karịa nke a

Mgbe ha gụchara ihe mmụta a nke ọma, ụmụ akwụkwọ ga-enwe ike. Kọwaa ọdịdị na ihe kpatara ala ọma jijiji, mata mpaghara ihe egwu dị oke ala na-ahụ maka oke ala, kwurịtanụ ala Canada na British Columbia, ma were usoro iji tụọ ala ọma jijiji, dịka ịdị ukwuu na oke ala ọma jijiji. Ighaghari ngagharị nke ala ọma jijiji na - esite na mpụta ike mberede. Ala ọma jijiji na - eme mgbe nsogbu na - ebuputa nkụ dị n'okwute ụwa.

Obere ngwongwo juru ebe niile

Ala ọmajiji Wenchuan bibiri ụzọ dị n'okporo ụzọ awara awara Dujianyan-Wenchuan. Nke a putara na egbochikwara ụzọ maka ndị nnapụta. A na-atụ ala ọma jijiji ahụ ugboro ise n'ọtụtụ Richter, na ọnwa a na-enwe oke ọkụ ọkụ abụọ nke ịdị ukwuu 8 ma ọ bụ karịa karịa iri. Ike nke ala ọma jijiji ahụ wepụtara buru oke nke na ọ kpatara mgbawa ugwu isii dị ugbua wee mepụta nke atọ ọzọ. Ebili mmiri nke ala ọma jijiji mere kpatara oke osimiri Pacific na ọsọ 850 kwa awa, nke metụtara ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ na Hawaii na Japan.

Fig 3. Akwa seismic eriri.

Akụkụ kachasị na eriri a bụ East. O sitere na Kamchatka, gbagoro site na agwaetiti Aleutian na mpaghara mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke North na South America kwụ ọtọ na South Antilles loop.

Ala ọma jijiji nke Wenchuan bụ nke na-elekwasị anya, nke nwere ike ibibi ihe dị egwu. Dika onyonyo si egosi, obuna uloukwu ndi di n’elu ugwu. Dutuan onye Mianyang dara. Mpaghara mpaghara nke abụọ buru ibu bụ imekpa oke osimiri Mediterenian na Himalayan. Osimiri Azores na Oke Osimiri Atlantic bụ oke ọdịda anyanwụ ya, site na ebe ọ na-agafe n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Atlantic, n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, ruo Mianmaa, wee gazie na ndịda, na-ejikọ na mgbanaka Ọkụ na Indonesia.

Oke ala ugwu Mediterenian na Himalayan gụnyere ọtụtụ ugwu ugwu: site na ọdịda anyanwụ ruo ọwụwa anyanwụ, ọ na-azọ Alps na Balkan Peninsula wee gbagoro site na ugwu ruo na ndịda, site na mkpọda ugwu nke Asia Minor na ala dị larịị nke Iran, na n'ikpeazụ Himalayas, ugwu kachasị ukwuu. otu ndido. Ugwu nile di elu na ebe igwu ala a bu umu aka - n’ezie ha bu umu aka n’uwa. Ọ bụ ebe a ka nnukwu ala ọma jijiji nke mgbe ochie mere, nke anyị maara banyere ya site na ndekọ ochie.

Amaghị nke ọma banyere ngalaba mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ ya na nke ọma. O juputara na ntughari ma di egwu.

Akụkụ ebe ugwu nke eriri ahụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu, nke ndị bi na California, yana Central na South America na-ahụkarị.

Akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke eriri jikọrọ ọnụ sitere na Kamchatka, gbadara Japan na n'ihu.

Ebe ndị a na-ahụkarị ụdọ nwere otu ihe jikọrọ - topography nke ukwuu. Ugwu ndi ugwu dikwa obere site na ihe ndi mmadu, ihe abuo ndia bu ihe kpatara ihe eji dozie ulo ahu di nma nke nwere ike imeghari ahu.

Ala ọma jijiji bụ mbupute nke tectonic plate, na ókè dị n'etiti efere ahụ bụ ebe nnukwu ala ọma jijiji mere. Ókè dị n’etiti efere Eurasia na Ọstrelia na ọdịda anyanwụ, efere ndị America n’ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na efere Antarctic nke dị n’ebe ndịda na-etolite Mgbanyụ Ọkụ. Ogige oke osimiri Mediterenian na Himalayan bụ ókè dị n'etiti efere Eurasia, Afrika na Australia.

Ala ọma jijiji kachasị ike na narị afọ 20-21

Ebe ọ bụ na Pasịnụ Fire of Pacific na-akpata ihe ruru 80% nke ala ọma jijiji niile, nnukwu ihe mberede bụ n'ihe gbasara ike na mbibi mere na mpaghara a. Nke mbu, ekwesiri ịkọ banyere Japan, bụ nke ugboro ugboro kpatara oke ala ọma jijiji. Nke kacha mebie emebi, agbanyeghị na ọ kachasị ike na oke nke mkpọtụ ya, bụ ala ọma jijiji 1923, nke a na-akpọ Great Kanto Earthquake. Dika ihe nchoputa di iche iche kwuru, mgbe na mgbe ihe ogwugwu a dakwasiri ndi mmadu 174 puku nwuru, ahughi otutu puku ndi ozo ruru iri ise na ise, onu ogugu ndi mmadu ihe ruru nde mmadu ano Ala ọma jijiji kacha sie ike na Japan (nke nwere oke site na 9.0 ruo 9.1) bụ ọdachi a ma ama na 2011, mgbe mbufịt tsunami kpatara n'okporo mmiri nke Japan kpatara mbibi n'obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na ọkụ na-ere mmanụ ụlọ na Sendai na ihe mberede na Fokushima-1 NPP mere oke mbibi ma akụ na ụba mba ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ njikọ nke ụwa dum.

Ike N'ime ala ọma jijiji niile edepụtara, ala ọmajiji Chile nke nwere oke ruru 9.5, nke mere na 1960, ka a na-atụle (ọ bụrụ na ilele maapụ ahụ, ọ bịara doo anya na o mekwara na mpaghara seismic Pacific). Ọdachi nke kpatara ọnụọgụ mmadụ kachasị na narị afọ nke 21 bụ ala ọma jijiji nke Indian Ocean na 2004, mgbe mbufịt tsunami nke kpatara ya gburu ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ puku mmadụ 300 si ihe dị ka mba 20. Na eserese ngosi a, mpaghara ala ọma jijiji na-ezo aka n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Oke Ugwu Pacific.

N’ebe oke osimiri nile nke di na oke nke oke ocha nke oke osimiri mebiri emebi mekwara. Otu n’ime ha bụ ala ọma jijiji nke emere na Tangshan na 1976, mgbe mmadụ 242,419 nwụrụ dịka data nke PRC naanị, mana dị ka akụkọ ụfọdụ, ọnụọgụ ndị ihe karịrị 655,000 karịrị, nke na-eme ala ọma jijiji a bụ otu n’ime ihe kacha gbuo ndị mmadụ.