| Pachycephalosaurus
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943 - Dracorex Bakker et al. , 2006
- Stenotholus Giffin et al. 1988
- Stygimoloch Galton & Sues, 1983
- Tylosteus Leidy, 1872
- Dracorex hogwartsi
Bakker et al. , 2006 - Dracorex hogwartsia
Bakker et al. , 2006 - Pachycephalosaurus grangeri
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943 - Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943 - Stenotholus kohleri
Giffin et al. 1988 - Stenotholus kohlerorum
Giffin et al. 1988 - Troodon wyomingensis
Gilmore, 1931 - Stygimoloch spinifer
Galton & Sues, 1983
| nde nde | Oge | Oge | Aeon |
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| 2,588 | Ọbụna | | Ka | F
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n | | 23,03 | Neogene | | 66,0 | Paleogen | | 145,5 | otu nzu | M
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n | | 199,6 | Yura | | 251 | Triassic | | 299 | Permian | P
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n | | 359,2 | Carbon | | 416 | Devonian | | 443,7 | Silur | | 488,3 | Ordovician | | 542 | Cambrian | | 4570 | Precambrian | Pachycephalosaurus (lat.Pachycephalosaurus) - ụdị mkpụrụ osisi dinosaurs nke pachycephalosaurids, gụnyere otu ụdị - Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis. Bi na elu Cretaceous oge (Maastrichtian afọ) n'ókèala nke North America ọgbara ọhụrụ. Achọpụtara fosil fosa nke pachycephalosaurus na United States (Montana, South Dakota na Wyoming) na Canada (Alberta). N’oge ọdịnala, a na-ewere pachycephalosaurus dị ka anụ arụ, mana nchọpụta nke okpokoro isi ya nke nwere ezé ọtụtụ Mesozoic theropods gosipụtara na ọ bụ ihe omimi, na nri ya gbanwere site n’oge ruo n’oge, wee si n’icheta nri anụ a .ụ. Enwere ike ikwu na ụfọdụ ezé dịpụrụ adịpụ sitere na ndịroprops ma chọpụta n'ụdị ebe pachycephalosaurus bi nwere ike ịbụ nke ya. Pachycephalosaurus bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ dinosaurs na-abụghị avian tupu mkpocha Cretaceous-Paleogene. Dịka pachycephalosaurids ndị ọzọ, pachycephalosaurus bụ anụmanụ na-emetụta ụkwụ (bipedal) nke nwere nnukwu ụlọ cranial dị oke elu. O nwere ogologo azụ na obere anụ ahụ. Pachycephalosaurus bụ onye ama ama kachasị ama ama nke otu pachycephalosaurus. Nnukwu ụlọ pachycephalosaurus gbara ọkpụrụkpụ nyere echiche nke pachycephalosaurs jiri ha lụọ ọgụ intraspecific. Na mbu, ọ bụ nanị ihe ndị okenye tozuru etozu ka e kwuru na pachycephalosaurus, n'ihi nke a na-amụ amụgenụ (usoro o toro eto) na-agụghị akwụkwọ, mana nke ahụ mechara chọpụta na ihe ahụ na-ekwu na ọ bụ otu. Dracorex na Stygimolochn'ezie, nke ụmụ pachycephalosaurus na-eto eto, na nhọpụta nke ndị a na-esite n'ụdị dị iche nke dome ọkpụkpụ na ọnọdụ nke obo ụkwụ ezighi ezi, dịka ihe ndị a gbanwere nke ukwuu n'oge usoro otuto. Akụkọ nchoputaA maara pachycephalosaurus nke nwere nnukwu ọkpụkpụ dị ihe ruru sentimita 25 n'obosara na okpokoro isi ya, nke dabere na-eme ka ọfụfụ gbarie. A na-eji azụ ọkpụkpụ na mkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ na-esikwa n'olulu ahụ gbadaa azụ nke dome. Ogbe ndị ahụ nwere ike ịdị nkọ karịa nkọ. Okpokoro isi ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ ma nwee nnukwu anya nwere agba gbara gburugburu na-eche ihu n'ihu, na-egosi na anụmanụ ahụ nwere ezigbo anya ya, nweekwa ike ile anya. Pachycephalosaurus nwere ntakịrị ihe egwu, nke ejiri obere onu aka mechie. Ezé dị obere nke nwere okpueze n'ụdị. Olu na-akwado ya isi site n ’udiri“ S ”ma obu“ U ”. N’ime ndị na-eto eto, pachycephalosaurs nwere skulls dị larịị nke nwere nnukwu mpi na-esite n'azụ okpokoro isi. Mgbe anụmanụ ahụ tolitere, mpi ndị ahụ na-emegharị ma gbaa gburugburu, dome ahụ na-abawanyekwa nha. Akwụkwọ pachycephalosaurus bụ ihe na-emetụta mmụọ (bipedal) na ọ bụ ya kacha bụrụ pachycephalosaurus (dinosaur isi). E mere atụmatụ na pachycephalosaurus ruru ogologo mita 4.5 n'ogologo ma kilogram 450. O nwere olu di nkenke, di nkpa, obere iru ya, aru ya di ike, ogologo aka ya na ukwu di ukwu, nke nwere ike isi na akwara ike. Akụkọ nchoputa![]()
A pụrụ ịchọpụtawo ahịhịa ndị nwere nke pachycephalosaurus laa azụ na 1850s. Site na nkọwa nke Donald Baird, na 1859 ma ọ bụ 1860, Ferdinand Vandiver Hayden, onye na - anakọta mpempe akwụkwọ site na North American West, chịkọtara mpempe ọkpụkpụ dị nso na isi iyi Osimiri Missouri, n'ebe a na - akpọ ugbu a dị ka Lance Forming Southheast Montana. Joseph Lady kowara ụdị a, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ANSP 8568 na 1872 dị ka nke nwere oke anụ nke anụ nnụnụ na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ nke armadillo. Edere ihe nlere ahụ na ụdị ọhụụ. Tylosteus. Achọpụtaghị ezigbo agwa ya ruo mgbe Baird degharịrị ya ihe karịrị otu narị afọ ka e mesịrị wee chọpụta ya dị ka ọkpụkpụ skalcephalosaurus, gụnyere usoro ọnya ọnụọgụ nke dabara na ndị achọtara na ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke pachycephalosaurus. Ebe ọ bụ aha Tylosteus bu aha Pachycephalosaurus, dị na International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, aha mbụ kwesịrị ka ahọrọ. N’afọ 1985, Baird rịọrọ nke ọma Tylosteus aha eji Pachycephalosaurus, ebe a na-ejibeghị aha ikpeazụ kemgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri ise, ọ dabere na ihe nyocha ma nwekwaa ọnọdụ ezighi ezi na ọnọdụ arụ ọrụ. Nke a nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ njedebe nke akụkọ ahụ, Robert Sullivan tụrụ aro na 2006 na ANSP 8568 dị ka ọkpụkpụ dabara. Dracorexọ bụghị na ọkpụkpụ pachycephalosaurus. Agbanyeghị, ugbu a ajụjụ a amachaghị nke ọma, dịka nyocha ndị ọzọ mere gosiri na ihe metụtara fossil ahụ ka dị Dracorex, diri ndị na-eto eto nke pachycephalosaurus. Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis, ụdị na pachycephalosaurus bụ nke ahaziri ugbua na aha ya bụ Charles Gilmore aha ya na 1931. O jiri aha a mee ihe maka akụkụ okpokoro isi USNM 12031 site na mpempe Lance na Nyobrara County, Wyoming. Gilmore kwuru na ụdị anụ ọhụrụ ya dị na troodon, na-akọwa ya Troodon wyomingensis . N'oge ahụ, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie kwenyere na troodon, nke naanị ezé mara ya, yiri Stegocerasonye nwere ezé yiri ya. N'ihi ya, ndị na-akpọ ugbu a dị ka pachycephalosaurids bụ nke ezinụlọ troodontid, nke bụ Charles Sternberg gbaziri echiche na-ezighi ezi na 1945. N'afọ 1943, Barnum Brown na Erich Maren Schleikier kọwara ụdị ọrụ ahụ, ihe zuru oke. Pachycephalosaurus. Ha kpọrọ aha mkpụrụ abụọ: Pachycephalosaurus grangeri, ụdị ụdị ụdị pachycephalosaurus nke ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri. P. grangeri dabere na ntụle AMNH 1696, okpo skull zuru oke site na Usoro Ọkpụkpụ Hell na Ekalaka, Carter County, Montana. P. reinheimeri Dabere na DMNH 469, nke dome na ọtụtụ ihe metụtara ya sitere na Mpempe Lance na Corson County, South Dakota. Ha na-ebu ụzọ elele anya na Troodon. wyomingensis n'ụlọ ezinụlọ ọhụrụ ya. Anuche ohuru ha abuo. P. wyomingensis kemgbe 1983 ![]()
Obiọma Stygimolochnke umu umu ihe ndia ka enyere - Stygimoloch spinifer, Onye Britain na-ahụ maka ọrịa na - ahụ maka ọrịa na - ekwuchitere Peter Galton na onye na - ahụ maka paletoto nke German Hans-Dieter Sue si na National Museum of Natural History na 1983. E kwenyere na Stygimoloch Amara ogwu nke di n’azu okpokoro isi, n’ime nke mpi abuo di obere gbara ya gburugburu site na mpi abuo, ya na dome di nkpa. A choputara ya na ndi nlere niile enyere Stygimolochnke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pachycephalosaurs tozuru okè, na Stygimoloch, dika ekeji, bu okwu nke umuaka maka pachycephalosaurus. Aha ohuru Stygimoloch malitere site na aha Osimiri Styx, nke, n’akụkọ akụkọ ifo ndị Gris oge ochie, na-aga n'okirikiri, na-ezo aka na ngbasa nke ọkụ ọkụ Creek, na nnọchite nke Moloch, chi ndị Kenan metụtara àjà ụmụaka, ndị a họọrọ n'ihe gbasara ọdịdị anụmanụ. Lee aha ogho n’egwu sụgharịrị dị ka "prickly". Aha nile umu anumanu a putara “ekwensu si n'okporo mmiri Styx puta”. ![]()
A na - amata ụmụ ntakịrị pachycephalosaurus site na otu skull zuru oke (TCMI 2004.17.1) na vertebrae anọ (Atlanta, nke atọ, nke asatọ, na itoolu). Ndị ọka mmụta amateur atọ si Sioux City, Iowa chọpụtara ha na Hell Creek Plateau dị na South Dakota. Na-esote, na 2004, a kpọgara okpokoro isi ụlọ ebe a na-ahụ maka Children'smụaka Indianapolis maka nyocha. Na mbu, okpu ndi mmadu pere mpe. Ndị na-eweghachi ihe rụrụ ọrụ na gluing okpokoro isi ruo afọ abụọ. Na Mee 22,2006, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie mara ọkwa banyere nnabata ya (ihe a kara aka na mmeghe nke Nzukọ Mgbakọ Federal na Fosils). Robert Bob Backer na Robert Sullivan kọwapụtara nchọta ahụ na 2006 dịka ọhụụ. Dracorex . Yana Stygimoloch, Dracorex ka amata dika okwu nzuko nke pachycephalosaurus nke nzulite. NkọwaA maara pachycephalosaurus nke nwere nnukwu ọkpụkpụ dị ihe ruru sentimita 25 n'obosara na okpokoro isi ya, nke dabere na-eme ka ọfụfụ gbarie. A na-eji azụ ọkpụkpụ na mkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ na-esikwa n'olulu ahụ gbadaa azụ nke dome. Ogbe ndị ahụ nwere ike ịdị nkọ karịa nkọ. Okpokoro isi ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ ma nwee nnukwu anya nwere agba gbara gburugburu na-eche ihu n'ihu, na-egosi na anụmanụ ahụ nwere ezigbo anya ya, nweekwa ike ile anya. Pachycephalosaurus nwere ntakịrị ihe egwu, nke ejiri obere onu aka mechie. Ezé dị obere nke nwere okpueze n'ụdị. Olu na-akwado ya isi site n ’udiri“ S ”ma obu“ U ”. N’ime ndị na-eto eto, pachycephalosaurs nwere skulls dị larịị nke nwere nnukwu mpi na-esite n'azụ okpokoro isi. Mgbe anụmanụ ahụ tolitere, mpi ndị ahụ na-emegharị ma gbaa gburugburu, dome ahụ na-abawanyekwa nha. Akwụkwọ pachycephalosaurus bụ ihe na-emetụta mmụọ (bipedal) na ọ bụ ya kacha bụrụ pachycephalosaurus (dinosaur isi). E mere atụmatụ na pachycephalosaurus ruru ogologo mita 4.5 n'ogologo ma kilogram 450. O nwere olu di nkenke, dikwa nkpa, obere iru ya, aru ya di ike, ogologo aka ya na ukwu di ukwu, nke nwere ike isi na akwara ike. NriN'iji obere ezé ezighi ezi, pachycephalosaurs enweghị ike ịta ata osisi siri ike dịka dinosaurs ndị ọzọ n'otu oge ahụ. Ezigbo ezé ezé ga-adị nnọọ mma maka irighiri ahịhịa, nke na-egosi na pachycephalosaurs riri ahịhịa, mkpụrụ na mkpụrụ osisi. Ọzọkwa, o doro anya, dinosaur tinyere anụ nri ya. Nkịta gbara agba nke ọma na-egosi na o nweburu ezé ihu, nke yiri agba, yiri ezé nke na-enweghị atụ nke anụmanụ. O doro anya, na mgbakwunye na nri ihe ọkụkụ, pachycephalosaurs riri obere anụmanụ, sheiless, scaly, na ikekwe obere dinosaurs. A na-eche na, dịka nri anụ bea ugbu a, nri ha gbanwere site n'oge ruo n'oge. Ikekwe ụfọdụ ezé dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ekenyeghị na mmiri mmiri nwere ike ịbụ nke pachycephalosaurus. NkewaPachycephalosaurus amaara aha ya nye pachycephalosaurs (lat. Pachycephalosauria), mkpuru mkpuru okuko nke dinosaurs na ebi na mbubreyo Cretaceous na North America na Asia. N'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ya nwere Bible, ya na ceratops nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya karịa na ornithopods. ![]()
N'okpuru bụ Evans cladogram et al., 2013 . Ontogenesis![]()
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Anambara nlere ndi nlere anya n’eziputa ihe nke ha Dracorex na Stygimolochdị ka nyocha ndị ọzọ egosiwo, nke ụmụ pachycephalosaurs na-eto eto, na, n'ihi afọ ndụ ha, igwe ojii na mpi ahụ emepebeghị nke ọma. Ekwadoro echiche a na nzukọ kwa afọ nke Vertebrate Paleontology Society. Jack Horner nke Mahadum Montana gosipụtara, dabere na nyocha nke okpokoro isi, naanị ụdị atụlere nyere Dracorexihe akaebe na dinosaur a nwere ike ịbụ ọdịdị nwata Stygimoloch. Na mgbakwunye, o wepụtara data nke na-egosi na ha abụọ Stygimoloch, na Dracorex nwere ike ịbụ ụdị pachycephalosaurus na-eto eto, bụ nke ekwenyesikwu ike. ![]()
Horner na M.B. Goodwin bipụtara nsonaazụ ha na 2009, na-egosi na ọkpụkpụ nke spikes / protrusions na dom nke okpokoro isi nke "ụdị atọ" nwere oke ductility, na ha abụọ Dracorexna Stygimoloch ọ bụ naanị ụmụ amaala na-egosi ha, ebe ụdị pachycephalosaurus bụ nke ndị okenye ji mara ya. Nkwupụta ndị a, na mgbakwunye na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụdị atọ ahụ biri n'otu oge na n'otu ebe, dugara na nkwubi okwu ahụ. Dracorex na Stygimoloch bụ nanị obere ụmụ nwoke nke pachycephalosaurs, nke ihe na-egbu ha na agadi, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ezinụlọ ha mụbara. N'okwu a, ihe nlele ahụ rụtụrụ aka Dracorextọrọ ndị nlele Stygimoloch, ebe nke abụọ nọworị na ntozu okè. ![]()
Ihe nchoputa nke okpu okpu putara na pachycephalosaurus, nke akowara na 2016 site na okpukpu abuo nke uzo ozo nke ihe emere dika ihe omumu nke oku a bu ihe ngosi nke ozo. Ihe fosil foduru, dika David Evans, Mark Goodwin na Colegmie kọwara, bụ otu ihe ha atọ kwuru na ha na - eme na ntuli aka ha na ndagwurugwu ya, ma sikwa etu ihe pụrụ iche Stygimoloch na Dracorex Kama, ha na-agbanwe agbanwe na ụkpụrụ nghoro nke pachycephalosaurus. Ihe omumu a na omumu banyere ihe ndi ozo nke ndi okenye mere ka a mata na protrusions di na okpokoro isi a gosiputara n'isi mmalite nke dinosaur, ebe isi ekpomoku nwere dome mechara. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ Nick Longreach na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na 2010 gosikwara echiche nke echiche na pachycephalosaurs niile dị obere, na-atụ aro na ụdị cranial dị larịị, dịka Goyocephale na homalocephalus, bụ ụmụ amaala mmadụ, na ndị okenye nke ndị a ụlọ ọrụ nwere nnukwu ụlọ. Na omenaalaPachycephalosaurus aghọọla agwa n’ime akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ akụkọ sayensị na sinima. Ihe ngosi p pụrụ iche nke pachycephalosaurus bụ ihe nkiri “Jurassic Park: World Lost” na eserese nke usoro “Earth Tupu Oge.” Na fim ahụ "Jurassic World 2" pụtara stygimoloch Stiggy. Na franchise, pachycephalosaurus na stigimoloch bụ anụmanụ abụọ dị iche iche, na agbanyeghị na onye ndụmọdụ sayensị franchise, Jack Horner, gosipụtara ọnụnọ nke stigimoloch na edemede ahụ dị ka mmejọ ma jụọ ya ka ọ dochie ya na pachycephalosaurus, emeghị nke a. Na 2009, pachycephalosaurus na-eto eto, nke aha ya bụ ihe nkiri Dracorex, pụtara na usoro nke asaa nke oge nke atọ n'usoro usoro "Jurassic Portal". N'otu oge ahụ, e nyere ya njiripụta nke dragọn - mpi ya toro ogologo, ọdịdị nke ngwa agha gbanwere, gbakwunye outgrow abụọ abụọ na azụ. A kọwara ihe ndị a niile site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na, na akụkọ ahụ, pachycephalosaurus zutere otu nwoke nwere ike ijide mmụọ ma ọ daba na oge a, nke ghọrọ ihe atụ nke akụkọ mgbe ejiri mma na-achụ dragọn ma gaa hel.
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